ldexp, ldexpf, ldexpl

float       ldexpf( float arg, int exp );

double      ldexp( double arg, int exp );

long double ldexpl( long double arg, int exp );

#define ldexp( arg, exp )

Parameters

Return value

If no errors occur, arg multiplied by 2 to the power of exp (arg×2^exp) is returned.

If a range error due to overflow occurs, ±HUGE_VAL, ±HUGE_VALF, or ±HUGE_VALL is returned.

If a range error due to underflow occurs, the correct result (after rounding) is returned.

Error handling

Errors are reported as specified in math_errhandling.

If the implementation supports IEEE floating-point arithmetic (IEC 60559),

• Unless a range error occurs, FE_INEXACT is never raised (the result is exact)
• Unless a range error occurs, the current rounding mode is ignored
• If arg is ±0, it is returned, unmodified
• If arg is ±∞, it is returned, unmodified
• If exp is 0, then arg is returned, unmodified
• If arg is NaN, NaN is returned

Notes

On binary systems (where FLT_RADIX is 2), ldexp is equivalent to scalbn.

The function ldexp ("load exponent"), together with its dual, frexp, can be used to manipulate the representation of a floating-point number without direct bit manipulations.

On many implementations, ldexp is less efficient than multiplication or division by a power of two using arithmetic operators.

Example

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fenv.h>
#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON
int main(void)
{
    printf("ldexp(7, -4) = %f\n", ldexp(7, -4));
    printf("ldexp(1, -1074) = %g (minimum positive subnormal double)\n",
            ldexp(1, -1074));
    printf("ldexp(nextafter(1,0), 1024) = %g (largest finite double)\n",
            ldexp(nextafter(1,0), 1024));
    // special values
    printf("ldexp(-0, 10) = %f\n", ldexp(-0.0, 10));
    printf("ldexp(-Inf, -1) = %f\n", ldexp(-INFINITY, -1));
    //error handling
    errno = 0; feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT);
    printf("ldexp(1, 1024) = %f\n", ldexp(1, 1024));
    if(errno == ERANGE) perror("    errno == ERANGE");
    if(fetestexcept(FE_OVERFLOW)) puts("    FE_OVERFLOW raised");
}

ldexp(7, -4) = 0.437500
ldexp(1, -1074) = 4.94066e-324 (minimum positive subnormal double)
ldexp(nextafter(1,0), 1024) = 1.79769e+308 (largest finite double)
ldexp(-0, 10) = -0.000000
ldexp(-Inf, -1) = -inf
ldexp(1, 1024) = inf
    errno == ERANGE: Numerical result out of range
    FE_OVERFLOW raised

References

• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
• 7.12.6.6 The ldexp functions (p: 244)
• 7.25 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> (p: 373-375)
• F.10.3.6 The ldexp functions (p: 522)
• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
• 7.12.6.6 The ldexp functions (p: 225)
• 7.22 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> (p: 335-337)
• F.9.3.6 The ldexp functions (p: 459)
• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
• 4.5.4.3 The ldexp function

See also