#include <any>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>
 
int main()
{
    // Simple example
 
    auto a1 = std::any(12);
 
    std::cout << "1) a1 is int: " << std::any_cast<int>(a1) << '\n';
 
    try
    {
        auto s = std::any_cast<std::string>(a1); // throws
    }
    catch (const std::bad_any_cast& e)
    {
        std::cout << "2) " << e.what() << '\n';
    }
 
    // Pointer example
 
    if (int* i = std::any_cast<int>(&a1))
        std::cout << "3) a1 is int: " << *i << '\n';
    else if (std::string* s = std::any_cast<std::string>(&a1))
        std::cout << "3) a1 is std::string: " << *s << '\n';
    else
        std::cout << "3) a1 is another type or unset\n";
 
    // Advanced example
 
    a1 = std::string("hello");
 
    auto& ra = std::any_cast<std::string&>(a1); //< reference
    ra[1] = 'o';
 
    std::cout << "4) a1 is string: "
              << std::any_cast<std::string const&>(a1) << '\n'; //< const reference
 
    auto s1 = std::any_cast<std::string&&>(std::move(a1)); //< rvalue reference
 
    // Note: s1 is a move-constructed std::string:
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(s1), std::string>);
 
    // Note: the std::string in a1 is left in valid but unspecified state
    std::cout << "5) a1.size(): "
              << std::any_cast<std::string>(&a1)->size() //< pointer
              << '\n'
              << "6) s1: " << s1 << '\n';
}