C++11

C++11 is the second major version of C++ and the most important update since C++98. A large number of changes were introduced to both standardize existing practices and improve the abstractions available to the C++ programmers.

Before it was finally approved by ISO on 12 August 2011, the name 'C++0x' was used because it was expected to be published before 2010. It took 8 years between C++03 and C++11, so it has become the longest interval between versions so far. Since then, currently, C++ updates every 3 years regularly.

Following features were merged into C++11:

• From TR1: all of TR1 except Special Functions.
• From Boost: The thread library, exception_ptr, error_code and error_condition, iterator improvements (begin, end, next, prev)
• From C: C-style Unicode conversion functions

Core language features

• auto and decltype
• defaulted and deleted functions
• final and override
• trailing return type
• rvalue references
• move constructors and move assignment operators
• scoped enums
• constexpr and literal types
• list initialization
• delegating and inherited constructors
• brace-or-equal initializers
• nullptr
• long long
• char16_t and char32_t
• type aliases
• variadic templates
• generalized (non-trivial) unions
• generalized PODs (trivial types and standard-layout types)
• Unicode string literals
• user-defined literals
• attributes
• lambda expressions
• noexcept specifier and noexcept operator
• alignof and alignas
• multithreaded memory model
• thread-local storage
• GC interface (removed in C++23)
• range-for (based on a Boost library)
• static_assert (based on a Boost library)

Library features

Headers

• <array>
• <atomic>
• <cfenv>
• <chrono>
• <cinttypes>
• <condition_variable>
• <cstdint>
• <cuchar>
• <forward_list>
• <future>
• <initializer_list>
• <mutex>
• <random>
• <ratio>
• <regex>
• <scoped_allocator>
• <system_error>
• <thread>
• <tuple>
• <typeindex>
• <type_traits>
• <unordered_map>
• <unordered_set>

Library features

• concurrency support library
• emplace() and other use of rvalue references throughout all parts of the existing library
• std::unique_ptr
• std::move_iterator
• std::initializer_list
• stateful and scoped allocators
• std::forward_list
• chrono library
• ratio library
• new algorithms:
• std::all_of, std::any_of, std::none_of,
• std::find_if_not,
• std::copy_if, std::copy_n,
• std::move, std::move_backward,
• std::random_shuffle, std::shuffle,
• std::is_partitioned, std::partition_copy, std::partition_point,
• std::is_sorted, std::is_sorted_until,
• std::is_heap, std::is_heap_until,
• std::minmax, std::minmax_element,
• std::is_permutation,
• std::iota,
• std::uninitialized_copy_n
• Unicode conversion facets
• std::function
• std::exception_ptr
• std::error_code and std::error_condition
• iterator improvements:
• std::begin
• std::end
• std::next
• std::prev
• Unicode conversion functions

Defect reports

Compiler support

Main Article: C++11 compiler support

C++11 core language features

C++11 library features

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DRnn - the number nn after "DR" denotes target C++ revision the Defect Report is applied to, e.g., DR20 → C++20.

External links