MySql
Version
5.7
Language
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Preface and Legal Notices
General Information
About This Manual
Typographical and Syntax Conventions
Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
What is MySQL?
The Main Features of MySQL
History of MySQL
What Is New in MySQL 5.7
Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed in MySQL 5.7
MySQL Information Sources
MySQL Websites
MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums
MySQL Enterprise
How to Report Bugs or Problems
MySQL Standards Compliance
MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
SELECT INTO TABLE Differences
UPDATE Differences
FOREIGN KEY Constraint Differences
'--' as the Start of a Comment
How MySQL Deals with Constraints
PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE Index Constraints
FOREIGN KEY Constraints
Constraints on Invalid Data
ENUM and SET Constraints
Credits
Contributors to MySQL
Documenters and translators
Packages that support MySQL
Tools that were used to create MySQL
Supporters of MySQL
Installing and Upgrading MySQL
General Installation Guidance
Which MySQL Version and Distribution to Install
How to Get MySQL
Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
Verifying the MD5 Checksum
Signature Checking Using GnuPG
Signature Checking Using Gpg4win for Windows
Signature Checking Using RPM
Installation Layouts
Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries
Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows
Choosing an Installation Package
MySQL Installer for Windows
MySQL Installer Initial Setup
Setting Alternative Server Paths with MySQL Installer
Installation Workflow with MySQL Installer
MySQL Installer Product Catalog and Dashboard
MySQLInstallerConsole Reference
Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall ZIP Archive
Extracting the Install Archive
Creating an Option File
Selecting a MySQL Server Type
Initializing the Data Directory
Starting the Server for the First Time
Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
Customizing the PATH for MySQL Tools
Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
Testing The MySQL Installation
Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation
Windows Postinstallation Procedures
Windows Platform Restrictions
Installing MySQL on macOS
General Notes on Installing MySQL on macOS
Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages
Installing a MySQL Launch Daemon
Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane
Installing MySQL on Linux
Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository
Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository
Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL APT Repository
Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL SLES Repository
Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle
Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle
Deploying MySQL on Linux with Docker
Basic Steps for MySQL Server Deployment with Docker
More Topics on Deploying MySQL Server with Docker
Deploying MySQL on Windows and Other Non-Linux Platforms with Docker
Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories
Installing MySQL on Linux with Juju
Managing MySQL Server with systemd
Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)
Installing MySQL on Solaris
Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG
Installing MySQL on FreeBSD
Installing MySQL from Source
Source Installation Methods
Source Installation Prerequisites
MySQL Layout for Source Installation
Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution
Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree
Configuring SSL Library Support
MySQL Source-Configuration Options
Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools
Postinstallation Setup and Testing
Initializing the Data Directory
Starting the Server
Troubleshooting Problems Starting the MySQL Server
Testing the Server
Securing the Initial MySQL Account
Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
Upgrading MySQL
Before You Begin
Upgrade Paths
Changes in MySQL 5.7
Upgrading MySQL Binary or Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository
Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository
Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL SLES Repository
Upgrading MySQL on Windows
Upgrading a Docker Installation of MySQL
Upgrading MySQL with Directly-Downloaded RPM Packages
Upgrade Troubleshooting
Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
Downgrading MySQL
Before You Begin
Downgrade Paths
Downgrade Notes
Downgrading Binary and Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
Downgrade Troubleshooting
Perl Installation Notes
Installing Perl on Unix
Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
Tutorial
Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
Entering Queries
Creating and Using a Database
Creating and Selecting a Database
Creating a Table
Loading Data into a Table
Retrieving Information from a Table
Selecting All Data
Selecting Particular Rows
Selecting Particular Columns
Sorting Rows
Date Calculations
Working with NULL Values
Pattern Matching
Counting Rows
Using More Than one Table
Getting Information About Databases and Tables
Using mysql in Batch Mode
Examples of Common Queries
The Maximum Value for a Column
The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
Maximum of Column per Group
The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column
Using User-Defined Variables
Using Foreign Keys
Searching on Two Keys
Calculating Visits Per Day
Using AUTO_INCREMENT
Using MySQL with Apache
MySQL Programs
Overview of MySQL Programs
Using MySQL Programs
Invoking MySQL Programs
Specifying Program Options
Using Options on the Command Line
Using Option Files
Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling
Program Option Modifiers
Using Options to Set Program Variables
Option Defaults, Options Expecting Values, and the = Sign
Command Options for Connecting to the Server
Connecting to the MySQL Server Using Command Options
Connection Transport Protocols
Connection Compression Control
Setting Environment Variables
Server and Server-Startup Programs
mysqld — The MySQL Server
mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script
mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script
mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers
Installation-Related Programs
comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File
mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory
mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins
mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security
mysql_ssl_rsa_setup — Create SSL/RSA Files
mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables
mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables
Client Programs
mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Client
mysql Client Options
mysql Client Commands
mysql Client Logging
mysql Client Server-Side Help
Executing SQL Statements from a Text File
mysql Client Tips
mysqladmin — A MySQL Server Administration Program
mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program
mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
mysqlimport — A Data Import Program
mysqlpump — A Database Backup Program
mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information
mysqlslap — A Load Emulation Client
Administrative and Utility Programs
innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility
myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
myisamchk General Options
myisamchk Check Options
myisamchk Repair Options
Other myisamchk Options
Obtaining Table Information with myisamchk
myisamchk Memory Usage
myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility
mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
mysqlbinlog Hex Dump Format
mysqlbinlog Row Event Display
Using mysqlbinlog to Back Up Binary Log Files
Specifying the mysqlbinlog Server ID
mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files
Program Development Utilities
mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients
my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files
resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols
Miscellaneous Programs
lz4_decompress — Decompress mysqlpump LZ4-Compressed Output
perror — Display MySQL Error Message Information
replace — A String-Replacement Utility
resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa
zlib_decompress — Decompress mysqlpump ZLIB-Compressed Output
Environment Variables
Unix Signal Handling in MySQL
MySQL Server Administration
The MySQL Server
Configuring the Server
Server Configuration Defaults
Server Option, System Variable, and Status Variable Reference
Server System Variable Reference
Server Status Variable Reference
Server Command Options
Server System Variables
Using System Variables
System Variable Privileges
Dynamic System Variables
Structured System Variables
Server Status Variables
Server SQL Modes
Connection Management
Connection Interfaces
DNS Lookups and the Host Cache
IPv6 Support
Verifying System Support for IPv6
Configuring the MySQL Server to Permit IPv6 Connections
Connecting Using the IPv6 Local Host Address
Connecting Using IPv6 Nonlocal Host Addresses
Obtaining an IPv6 Address from a Broker
MySQL Server Time Zone Support
Server-Side Help Support
Server Tracking of Client Session State Changes
The Server Shutdown Process
The MySQL Data Directory
The mysql System Database
MySQL Server Logs
Selecting General Query Log and Slow Query Log Output Destinations
The Error Log
Error Logging on Windows
Error Logging on Unix and Unix-Like Systems
Error Logging to the System Log
Error Log Filtering
Error Log Message Format
Error Log File Flushing and Renaming
The General Query Log
The Binary Log
Binary Logging Formats
Setting The Binary Log Format
Mixed Binary Logging Format
Logging Format for Changes to mysql Database Tables
The Slow Query Log
The DDL Log
Server Log Maintenance
MySQL Server Plugins
Installing and Uninstalling Plugins
Obtaining Server Plugin Information
MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
Thread Pool Components
Thread Pool Installation
Thread Pool Operation
Thread Pool Tuning
The Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin
Installing or Uninstalling the Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin
Using the Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin
Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin Reference
Version Tokens
Version Tokens Components
Installing or Uninstalling Version Tokens
Using Version Tokens
Version Tokens Reference
MySQL Server User-Defined Functions
User-Defined Function Reference
Installing and Uninstalling User-Defined Functions
Obtaining User-Defined Function Information
Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine
Setting Up Multiple Data Directories
Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows
Starting Multiple MySQL Instances at the Windows Command Line
Starting Multiple MySQL Instances as Windows Services
Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix
Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
Tracing mysqld Using DTrace
mysqld DTrace Probe Reference
Connection Probes
Command Probes
Query Probes
Query Parsing Probes
Query Cache Probes
Query Execution Probes
Row-Level Probes
Read Row Probes
Index Probes
Lock Probes
Filesort Probes
Statement Probes
Network Probes
Keycache Probes
Security
General Security Issues
Security Guidelines
Keeping Passwords Secure
End-User Guidelines for Password Security
Administrator Guidelines for Password Security
Passwords and Logging
Password Hashing in MySQL
Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables
How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
Security Considerations for LOAD DATA LOCAL
Client Programming Security Guidelines
Access Control and Account Management
Account User Names and Passwords
Privileges Provided by MySQL
Grant Tables
Specifying Account Names
Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
Adding Accounts, Assigning Privileges, and Dropping Accounts
Reserved Accounts
When Privilege Changes Take Effect
Assigning Account Passwords
Password Management
Server Handling of Expired Passwords
Pluggable Authentication
Proxy Users
Account Locking
Setting Account Resource Limits
Troubleshooting Problems Connecting to MySQL
SQL-Based Account Activity Auditing
Using Encrypted Connections
Configuring MySQL to Use Encrypted Connections
Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers
Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys
Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys using MySQL
Creating SSL Certificates and Keys Using openssl
Creating RSA Keys Using openssl
SSL Library-Dependent Capabilities
Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
Security Plugins
Authentication Plugins
Native Pluggable Authentication
Old Native Pluggable Authentication
Migrating Away from Pre-4.1 Password Hashing and the mysql_old_password Plugin
Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication
SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication
Client-Side Cleartext Pluggable Authentication
PAM Pluggable Authentication
Windows Pluggable Authentication
LDAP Pluggable Authentication
No-Login Pluggable Authentication
Socket Peer-Credential Pluggable Authentication
Test Pluggable Authentication
Pluggable Authentication System Variables
The Connection-Control Plugins
Connection-Control Plugin Installation
Connection-Control System and Status Variables
The Password Validation Plugin
Password Validation Plugin Installation
Password Validation Plugin Options and Variables
The MySQL Keyring
Keyring Plugin Installation
Using the keyring_file File-Based Plugin
Using the keyring_encrypted_file Keyring Plugin
Using the keyring_okv KMIP Plugin
Using the keyring_aws Amazon Web Services Keyring Plugin
Supported Keyring Key Types and Lengths
Migrating Keys Between Keyring Keystores
General-Purpose Keyring Key-Management Functions
Plugin-Specific Keyring Key-Management Functions
Keyring Command Options
Keyring System Variables
MySQL Enterprise Audit
Audit Log Components
Installing or Uninstalling MySQL Enterprise Audit
MySQL Enterprise Audit Security Considerations
Audit Log File Formats
Configuring Audit Logging Characteristics
Reading Audit Log Files
Audit Log Filtering
Writing Audit Log Filter Definitions
Legacy Mode Audit Log Filtering
Audit Log Reference
Audit Log Restrictions
MySQL Enterprise Firewall
MySQL Enterprise Firewall Components
Installing or Uninstalling MySQL Enterprise Firewall
Using MySQL Enterprise Firewall
MySQL Enterprise Firewall Reference
MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification
MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Components
Installing or Uninstalling MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification
Using MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification
MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification User-Defined Function Reference
SELinux
Check if SELinux is Enabled
Changing the SELinux Mode
MySQL Server SELinux Policies
SELinux File Context
SELinux TCP Port Context
Setting the TCP Port Context for mysqld
Setting the TCP Port Context for MySQL Features
Troubleshooting SELinux
Backup and Recovery
Backup and Recovery Types
Database Backup Methods
Example Backup and Recovery Strategy
Establishing a Backup Policy
Using Backups for Recovery
Backup Strategy Summary
Using mysqldump for Backups
Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump
Reloading SQL-Format Backups
Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump
Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups
mysqldump Tips
Making a Copy of a Database
Copy a Database from one Server to Another
Dumping Stored Programs
Dumping Table Definitions and Content Separately
Using mysqldump to Test for Upgrade Incompatibilities
Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery
Point-in-Time Recovery Using Binary Log
Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions
MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors
How to Repair MyISAM Tables
MyISAM Table Optimization
Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule
Optimization
Optimization Overview
Optimizing SQL Statements
Optimizing SELECT Statements
WHERE Clause Optimization
Range Optimization
Index Merge Optimization
Engine Condition Pushdown Optimization
Index Condition Pushdown Optimization
Nested-Loop Join Algorithms
Nested Join Optimization
Outer Join Optimization
Outer Join Simplification
Multi-Range Read Optimization
Block Nested-Loop and Batched Key Access Joins
Condition Filtering
IS NULL Optimization
ORDER BY Optimization
GROUP BY Optimization
DISTINCT Optimization
LIMIT Query Optimization
Function Call Optimization
Row Constructor Expression Optimization
Avoiding Full Table Scans
Optimizing Subqueries, Derived Tables, and View References
Optimizing Subqueries, Derived Tables, and View References with Semijoin Transformations
Optimizing Subqueries with Materialization
Optimizing Subqueries with the EXISTS Strategy
Optimizing Derived Tables and View References with Merging or Materialization
Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries
Optimizing Data Change Statements
Optimizing INSERT Statements
Optimizing UPDATE Statements
Optimizing DELETE Statements
Optimizing Database Privileges
Other Optimization Tips
Optimization and Indexes
How MySQL Uses Indexes
Primary Key Optimization
Foreign Key Optimization
Column Indexes
Multiple-Column Indexes
Verifying Index Usage
InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection
Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes
Use of Index Extensions
Optimizer Use of Generated Column Indexes
Indexed Lookups from TIMESTAMP Columns
Optimizing Database Structure
Optimizing Data Size
Optimizing MySQL Data Types
Optimizing for Numeric Data
Optimizing for Character and String Types
Optimizing for BLOB Types
Using PROCEDURE ANALYSE
Optimizing for Many Tables
How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
Disadvantages of Creating Many Tables in the Same Database
Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL
Limits on Number of Databases and Tables
Limits on Table Size
Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size
Optimizing for InnoDB Tables
Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables
Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management
Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions
Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging
Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables
Optimizing InnoDB Queries
Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations
Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O
Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables
Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables
Optimizing for MyISAM Tables
Optimizing MyISAM Queries
Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables
Optimizing REPAIR TABLE Statements
Optimizing for MEMORY Tables
Understanding the Query Execution Plan
Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN
EXPLAIN Output Format
Extended EXPLAIN Output Format
Obtaining Execution Plan Information for a Named Connection
Estimating Query Performance
Controlling the Query Optimizer
Controlling Query Plan Evaluation
Switchable Optimizations
Optimizer Hints
Index Hints
The Optimizer Cost Model
Buffering and Caching
InnoDB Buffer Pool Optimization
The MyISAM Key Cache
Shared Key Cache Access
Multiple Key Caches
Midpoint Insertion Strategy
Index Preloading
Key Cache Block Size
Restructuring a Key Cache
The MySQL Query Cache
How the Query Cache Operates
Query Cache SELECT Options
Query Cache Configuration
Query Cache Status and Maintenance
Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs
Optimizing Locking Operations
Internal Locking Methods
Table Locking Issues
Concurrent Inserts
Metadata Locking
External Locking
Optimizing the MySQL Server
System Factors
Optimizing Disk I/O
Using Symbolic Links
Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Unix
Using Symbolic Links for MyISAM Tables on Unix
Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Windows
Optimizing Memory Use
How MySQL Uses Memory
Enabling Large Page Support
Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)
Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions
Using Your Own Benchmarks
Measuring Performance with performance_schema
Examining Server Thread (Process) Information
Accessing the Process List
Thread Command Values
General Thread States
Query Cache Thread States
Replication Source Thread States
Replication Replica I/O Thread States
Replication Replica SQL Thread States
Replication Replica Connection Thread States
NDB Cluster Thread States
Event Scheduler Thread States
Language Structure
Literal Values
String Literals
Numeric Literals
Date and Time Literals
Hexadecimal Literals
Bit-Value Literals
Boolean Literals
NULL Values
Schema Object Names
Identifier Length Limits
Identifier Qualifiers
Identifier Case Sensitivity
Mapping of Identifiers to File Names
Function Name Parsing and Resolution
Keywords and Reserved Words
User-Defined Variables
Expressions
Comment Syntax
Character Sets, Collations, Unicode
Character Sets and Collations in General
Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
Character Set Repertoire
UTF-8 for Metadata
Specifying Character Sets and Collations
Collation Naming Conventions
Server Character Set and Collation
Database Character Set and Collation
Table Character Set and Collation
Column Character Set and Collation
Character String Literal Character Set and Collation
The National Character Set
Character Set Introducers
Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment
Compatibility with Other DBMSs
Connection Character Sets and Collations
Configuring Application Character Set and Collation
Error Message Character Set
Column Character Set Conversion
Collation Issues
Using COLLATE in SQL Statements
COLLATE Clause Precedence
Character Set and Collation Compatibility
Collation Coercibility in Expressions
The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations
Examples of the Effect of Collation
Using Collation in INFORMATION_SCHEMA Searches
Unicode Support
The utf8mb4 Character Set (4-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
The utf8mb3 Character Set (3-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
The utf8 Character Set (Alias for utf8mb3)
The ucs2 Character Set (UCS-2 Unicode Encoding)
The utf16 Character Set (UTF-16 Unicode Encoding)
The utf16le Character Set (UTF-16LE Unicode Encoding)
The utf32 Character Set (UTF-32 Unicode Encoding)
Converting Between 3-Byte and 4-Byte Unicode Character Sets
Supported Character Sets and Collations
Unicode Character Sets
West European Character Sets
Central European Character Sets
South European and Middle East Character Sets
Baltic Character Sets
Cyrillic Character Sets
Asian Character Sets
The cp932 Character Set
The gb18030 Character Set
The Binary Character Set
Restrictions on Character Sets
Setting the Error Message Language
Adding a Character Set
Character Definition Arrays
String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets
Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets
Adding a Collation to a Character Set
Collation Implementation Types
Choosing a Collation ID
Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set
Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set
Defining a UCA Collation Using LDML Syntax
LDML Syntax Supported in MySQL
Diagnostics During Index.xml Parsing
Character Set Configuration
MySQL Server Locale Support
Data Types
Numeric Data Types
Numeric Data Type Syntax
Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT
Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC
Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE
Bit-Value Type - BIT
Numeric Type Attributes
Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling
Date and Time Data Types
Date and Time Data Type Syntax
The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types
The TIME Type
The YEAR Type
2-Digit YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to 4-Digit YEAR
Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME
Fractional Seconds in Time Values
Conversion Between Date and Time Types
2-Digit Years in Dates
String Data Types
String Data Type Syntax
The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
The BINARY and VARBINARY Types
The BLOB and TEXT Types
The ENUM Type
The SET Type
Spatial Data Types
Spatial Data Types
The OpenGIS Geometry Model
The Geometry Class Hierarchy
Geometry Class
Point Class
Curve Class
LineString Class
Surface Class
Polygon Class
GeometryCollection Class
MultiPoint Class
MultiCurve Class
MultiLineString Class
MultiSurface Class
MultiPolygon Class
Supported Spatial Data Formats
Geometry Well-Formedness and Validity
Creating Spatial Columns
Populating Spatial Columns
Fetching Spatial Data
Optimizing Spatial Analysis
Creating Spatial Indexes
Using Spatial Indexes
The JSON Data Type
Data Type Default Values
Data Type Storage Requirements
Choosing the Right Type for a Column
Using Data Types from Other Database Engines
Functions and Operators
Function and Operator Reference
Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation
Operators
Operator Precedence
Comparison Functions and Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Control Flow Functions
Numeric Functions and Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Mathematical Functions
Date and Time Functions
String Functions and Operators
String Comparison Functions and Operators
Regular Expressions
Character Set and Collation of Function Results
What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?
Full-Text Search Functions
Natural Language Full-Text Searches
Boolean Full-Text Searches
Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
Full-Text Stopwords
Full-Text Restrictions
Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
Adding a Collation for Full-Text Indexing
ngram Full-Text Parser
MeCab Full-Text Parser Plugin
Cast Functions and Operators
XML Functions
Bit Functions and Operators
Encryption and Compression Functions
Locking Functions
Information Functions
Spatial Analysis Functions
Spatial Function Reference
Argument Handling by Spatial Functions
Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKT Values
Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKB Values
MySQL-Specific Functions That Create Geometry Values
Geometry Format Conversion Functions
Geometry Property Functions
General Geometry Property Functions
Point Property Functions
LineString and MultiLineString Property Functions
Polygon and MultiPolygon Property Functions
GeometryCollection Property Functions
Spatial Operator Functions
Functions That Test Spatial Relations Between Geometry Objects
Spatial Relation Functions That Use Object Shapes
Spatial Relation Functions That Use Minimum Bounding Rectangles
Spatial Geohash Functions
Spatial GeoJSON Functions
Spatial Convenience Functions
JSON Functions
JSON Function Reference
Functions That Create JSON Values
Functions That Search JSON Values
Functions That Modify JSON Values
Functions That Return JSON Value Attributes
JSON Utility Functions
Functions Used with Global Transaction Identifiers (GTIDs)
MySQL Enterprise Encryption Functions
MySQL Enterprise Encryption Installation
MySQL Enterprise Encryption Usage and Examples
MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Reference
MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Descriptions
Aggregate Functions
Aggregate Function Descriptions
GROUP BY Modifiers
MySQL Handling of GROUP BY
Detection of Functional Dependence
Miscellaneous Functions
Precision Math
Types of Numeric Values
DECIMAL Data Type Characteristics
Expression Handling
Rounding Behavior
Precision Math Examples
SQL Statements
Data Definition Statements
ALTER DATABASE Statement
ALTER EVENT Statement
ALTER FUNCTION Statement
ALTER INSTANCE Statement
ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Statement
ALTER PROCEDURE Statement
ALTER SERVER Statement
ALTER TABLE Statement
ALTER TABLE Partition Operations
ALTER TABLE and Generated Columns
ALTER TABLE Examples
ALTER TABLESPACE Statement
ALTER VIEW Statement
CREATE DATABASE Statement
CREATE EVENT Statement
CREATE FUNCTION Statement
CREATE INDEX Statement
CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Statement
CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Statements
CREATE SERVER Statement
CREATE TABLE Statement
Files Created by CREATE TABLE
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Statement
CREATE TABLE ... LIKE Statement
CREATE TABLE ... SELECT Statement
FOREIGN KEY Constraints
Silent Column Specification Changes
CREATE TABLE and Generated Columns
Secondary Indexes and Generated Columns
Setting NDB_TABLE Options
CREATE TABLESPACE Statement
CREATE TRIGGER Statement
CREATE VIEW Statement
DROP DATABASE Statement
DROP EVENT Statement
DROP FUNCTION Statement
DROP INDEX Statement
DROP LOGFILE GROUP Statement
DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Statements
DROP SERVER Statement
DROP TABLE Statement
DROP TABLESPACE Statement
DROP TRIGGER Statement
DROP VIEW Statement
RENAME TABLE Statement
TRUNCATE TABLE Statement
Data Manipulation Statements
CALL Statement
DELETE Statement
DO Statement
HANDLER Statement
INSERT Statement
INSERT ... SELECT Statement
INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Statement
INSERT DELAYED Statement
LOAD DATA Statement
LOAD XML Statement
REPLACE Statement
SELECT Statement
SELECT ... INTO Statement
JOIN Clause
UNION Clause
Subqueries
The Subquery as Scalar Operand
Comparisons Using Subqueries
Subqueries with ANY, IN, or SOME
Subqueries with ALL
Row Subqueries
Subqueries with EXISTS or NOT EXISTS
Correlated Subqueries
Derived Tables
Subquery Errors
Optimizing Subqueries
Rewriting Subqueries as Joins
Restrictions on Subqueries
UPDATE Statement
Transactional and Locking Statements
START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Statements
Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Statements
LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Statements
SET TRANSACTION Statement
XA Transactions
XA Transaction SQL Statements
XA Transaction States
Restrictions on XA Transactions
Replication Statements
SQL Statements for Controlling Replication Source Servers
PURGE BINARY LOGS Statement
RESET MASTER Statement
SET sql_log_bin Statement
SQL Statements for Controlling Replica Servers
CHANGE MASTER TO Statement
CHANGE REPLICATION FILTER Statement
MASTER_POS_WAIT() Statement
RESET SLAVE Statement
START SLAVE Statement
STOP SLAVE Statement
SQL Statements for Controlling Group Replication
START GROUP_REPLICATION Statement
STOP GROUP_REPLICATION Statement
Prepared Statements
PREPARE Statement
EXECUTE Statement
DEALLOCATE PREPARE Statement
Compound Statements
BEGIN ... END Compound Statement
Statement Labels
DECLARE Statement
Variables in Stored Programs
Local Variable DECLARE Statement
Local Variable Scope and Resolution
Flow Control Statements
CASE Statement
IF Statement
ITERATE Statement
LEAVE Statement
LOOP Statement
REPEAT Statement
RETURN Statement
WHILE Statement
Cursors
Cursor CLOSE Statement
Cursor DECLARE Statement
Cursor FETCH Statement
Cursor OPEN Statement
Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors
Condition Handling
DECLARE ... CONDITION Statement
DECLARE ... HANDLER Statement
GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement
RESIGNAL Statement
SIGNAL Statement
Scope Rules for Handlers
The MySQL Diagnostics Area
Condition Handling and OUT or INOUT Parameters
Restrictions on Condition Handling
Database Administration Statements
Account Management Statements
ALTER USER Statement
CREATE USER Statement
DROP USER Statement
GRANT Statement
RENAME USER Statement
REVOKE Statement
SET PASSWORD Statement
Table Maintenance Statements
ANALYZE TABLE Statement
CHECK TABLE Statement
CHECKSUM TABLE Statement
OPTIMIZE TABLE Statement
REPAIR TABLE Statement
Plugin and User-Defined Function Statements
CREATE FUNCTION Syntax for User-Defined Functions
DROP FUNCTION Statement
INSTALL PLUGIN Statement
UNINSTALL PLUGIN Statement
SET Statements
SET Syntax for Variable Assignment
SET CHARACTER SET Statement
SET NAMES Statement
SHOW Statements
SHOW BINARY LOGS Statement
SHOW BINLOG EVENTS Statement
SHOW CHARACTER SET Statement
SHOW COLLATION Statement
SHOW COLUMNS Statement
SHOW CREATE DATABASE Statement
SHOW CREATE EVENT Statement
SHOW CREATE FUNCTION Statement
SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE Statement
SHOW CREATE TABLE Statement
SHOW CREATE TRIGGER Statement
SHOW CREATE USER Statement
SHOW CREATE VIEW Statement
SHOW DATABASES Statement
SHOW ENGINE Statement
SHOW ENGINES Statement
SHOW ERRORS Statement
SHOW EVENTS Statement
SHOW FUNCTION CODE Statement
SHOW FUNCTION STATUS Statement
SHOW GRANTS Statement
SHOW INDEX Statement
SHOW MASTER STATUS Statement
SHOW OPEN TABLES Statement
SHOW PLUGINS Statement
SHOW PRIVILEGES Statement
SHOW PROCEDURE CODE Statement
SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS Statement
SHOW PROCESSLIST Statement
SHOW PROFILE Statement
SHOW PROFILES Statement
SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS Statement
SHOW SLAVE HOSTS Statement
SHOW SLAVE STATUS Statement
SHOW STATUS Statement
SHOW TABLE STATUS Statement
SHOW TABLES Statement
SHOW TRIGGERS Statement
SHOW VARIABLES Statement
SHOW WARNINGS Statement
Other Administrative Statements
BINLOG Statement
CACHE INDEX Statement
FLUSH Statement
KILL Statement
LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE Statement
RESET Statement
SHUTDOWN Statement
Utility Statements
DESCRIBE Statement
EXPLAIN Statement
HELP Statement
USE Statement
The InnoDB Storage Engine
Introduction to InnoDB
Benefits of Using InnoDB Tables
Best Practices for InnoDB Tables
Verifying that InnoDB is the Default Storage Engine
Testing and Benchmarking with InnoDB
Turning Off InnoDB
InnoDB and the ACID Model
InnoDB Multi-Versioning
InnoDB Architecture
InnoDB In-Memory Structures
Buffer Pool
Change Buffer
Adaptive Hash Index
Log Buffer
InnoDB On-Disk Structures
Tables
Creating InnoDB Tables
Creating Tables Externally
Importing InnoDB Tables
Moving or Copying InnoDB Tables
Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB
AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB
Indexes
Clustered and Secondary Indexes
The Physical Structure of an InnoDB Index
Sorted Index Builds
InnoDB FULLTEXT Indexes
Tablespaces
The System Tablespace
File-Per-Table Tablespaces
General Tablespaces
Undo Tablespaces
The Temporary Tablespace
InnoDB Data Dictionary
Doublewrite Buffer
Redo Log
Undo Logs
InnoDB Locking and Transaction Model
InnoDB Locking
InnoDB Transaction Model
Transaction Isolation Levels
autocommit, Commit, and Rollback
Consistent Nonlocking Reads
Locking Reads
Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
Phantom Rows
Deadlocks in InnoDB
An InnoDB Deadlock Example
Deadlock Detection and Rollback
How to Minimize and Handle Deadlocks
InnoDB Configuration
InnoDB Startup Configuration
Configuring InnoDB for Read-Only Operation
InnoDB Buffer Pool Configuration
Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Size
Configuring Multiple Buffer Pool Instances
Making the Buffer Pool Scan Resistant
Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Prefetching (Read-Ahead)
Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing
Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State
Configuring the Memory Allocator for InnoDB
Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB
Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads
Using Asynchronous I/O on Linux
Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity
Configuring Spin Lock Polling
Purge Configuration
Configuring Optimizer Statistics for InnoDB
Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters
Configuring Non-Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters
Estimating ANALYZE TABLE Complexity for InnoDB Tables
Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages
InnoDB Table and Page Compression
InnoDB Table Compression
Overview of Table Compression
Creating Compressed Tables
Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables
Monitoring InnoDB Table Compression at Runtime
How Compression Works for InnoDB Tables
Compression for OLTP Workloads
SQL Compression Syntax Warnings and Errors
InnoDB Page Compression
InnoDB File-Format Management
Enabling File Formats
Verifying File Format Compatibility
Compatibility Check When InnoDB Is Started
Compatibility Check When a Table Is Opened
Identifying the File Format in Use
Modifying the File Format
InnoDB Row Formats
InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management
InnoDB Disk I/O
File Space Management
InnoDB Checkpoints
Defragmenting a Table
Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE
InnoDB and Online DDL
Online DDL Operations
Online DDL Performance and Concurrency
Online DDL Space Requirements
Simplifying DDL Statements with Online DDL
Online DDL Failure Conditions
Online DDL Limitations
InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption
InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression
INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET
INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET
Using the Compression Information Schema Tables
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Information
Using InnoDB Transaction and Locking Information
InnoDB Lock and Lock-Wait Information
Persistence and Consistency of InnoDB Transaction and Locking Information
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table
InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Temporary Table Info Table
Retrieving InnoDB Tablespace Metadata from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES
InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema
Monitoring ALTER TABLE Progress for InnoDB Tables Using Performance Schema
Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema
InnoDB Monitors
InnoDB Monitor Types
Enabling InnoDB Monitors
InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output
InnoDB Backup and Recovery
InnoDB Backup
InnoDB Recovery
InnoDB and MySQL Replication
InnoDB memcached Plugin
Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin
InnoDB memcached Architecture
Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin
Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
Adapting an Existing MySQL Schema for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
Adapting a memcached Application for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
Tuning InnoDB memcached Plugin Performance
Controlling Transactional Behavior of the InnoDB memcached Plugin
Adapting DML Statements to memcached Operations
Performing DML and DDL Statements on the Underlying InnoDB Table
The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication
InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals
Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin
InnoDB Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems
Forcing InnoDB Recovery
Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations
InnoDB Error Handling
InnoDB Limits
InnoDB Restrictions and Limitations
Alternative Storage Engines
Setting the Storage Engine
The MyISAM Storage Engine
MyISAM Startup Options
Space Needed for Keys
MyISAM Table Storage Formats
Static (Fixed-Length) Table Characteristics
Dynamic Table Characteristics
Compressed Table Characteristics
MyISAM Table Problems
Corrupted MyISAM Tables
Problems from Tables Not Being Closed Properly
The MEMORY Storage Engine
The CSV Storage Engine
Repairing and Checking CSV Tables
CSV Limitations
The ARCHIVE Storage Engine
The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine
The MERGE Storage Engine
MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages
MERGE Table Problems
The FEDERATED Storage Engine
FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview
How to Create FEDERATED Tables
Creating a FEDERATED Table Using CONNECTION
Creating a FEDERATED Table Using CREATE SERVER
FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips
FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources
The EXAMPLE Storage Engine
Other Storage Engines
Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture
Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture
The Common Database Server Layer
Replication
Configuring Replication
Binary Log File Position Based Replication Configuration Overview
Setting Up Binary Log File Position Based Replication
Setting the Replication Source Configuration
Creating a User for Replication
Obtaining the Replication Source's Binary Log Coordinates
Choosing a Method for Data Snapshots
Setting Up Replicas
Adding Replicas to a Replication Topology
Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers
GTID Format and Storage
GTID Life Cycle
GTID Auto-Positioning
Setting Up Replication Using GTIDs
Using GTIDs for Failover and Scaleout
Restrictions on Replication with GTIDs
Stored Function Examples to Manipulate GTIDs
Changing Replication Modes on Online Servers
Replication Mode Concepts
Enabling GTID Transactions Online
Disabling GTID Transactions Online
Verifying Replication of Anonymous Transactions
MySQL Multi-Source Replication
Configuring Multi-Source Replication
Provisioning a Multi-Source Replica for GTID-Based Replication
Adding GTID-Based Sources to a Multi-Source Replica
Adding a Binary Log Based Source to a Multi-Source Replica
Starting Multi-Source Replicas
Stopping Multi-Source Replicas
Resetting Multi-Source Replicas
Multi-Source Replication Monitoring
Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables
Replication and Binary Logging Option and Variable Reference
Replication Source Options and Variables
Replica Server Options and Variables
Binary Logging Options and Variables
Global Transaction ID System Variables
Common Replication Administration Tasks
Checking Replication Status
Pausing Replication on the Replica
Skipping Transactions
Replication Implementation
Replication Formats
Advantages and Disadvantages of Statement-Based and Row-Based Replication
Usage of Row-Based Logging and Replication
Determination of Safe and Unsafe Statements in Binary Logging
Replication Implementation Details
Replication Channels
Commands for Operations on a Single Channel
Compatibility with Previous Replication Statements
Startup Options and Replication Channels
Replication Channel Naming Conventions
Relay Log and Replication Metadata Repositories
The Relay Log
Replication Metadata Repositories
How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules
Evaluation of Database-Level Replication and Binary Logging Options
Evaluation of Table-Level Replication Options
Interactions Between Replication Filtering Options
Replication Solutions
Using Replication for Backups
Backing Up a Replica Using mysqldump
Backing Up Raw Data from a Replica
Backing Up a Source or Replica by Making It Read Only
Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replica
Using Replication with Different Source and Replica Storage Engines
Using Replication for Scale-Out
Replicating Different Databases to Different Replicas
Improving Replication Performance
Switching Sources During Failover
Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections
Semisynchronous Replication
Semisynchronous Replication Administrative Interface
Semisynchronous Replication Installation and Configuration
Semisynchronous Replication Monitoring
Delayed Replication
Replication Notes and Tips
Replication Features and Issues
Replication and AUTO_INCREMENT
Replication and BLACKHOLE Tables
Replication and Character Sets
Replication and CHECKSUM TABLE
Replication of CREATE ... IF NOT EXISTS Statements
Replication of CREATE TABLE ... SELECT Statements
Replication of CREATE SERVER, ALTER SERVER, and DROP SERVER
Replication of CURRENT_USER()
Replication of DROP ... IF EXISTS Statements
Replication with Differing Table Definitions on Source and Replica
Replication and DIRECTORY Table Options
Replication and Floating-Point Values
Replication and Fractional Seconds Support
Replication and FLUSH
Replication and System Functions
Replication of Invoked Features
Replication and LIMIT
Replication and LOAD DATA
Replication and max_allowed_packet
Replication and MEMORY Tables
Replication of the mysql System Database
Replication and the Query Optimizer
Replication and Partitioning
Replication and REPAIR TABLE
Replication and Reserved Words
Replication and Source or Replica Shutdowns
Replica Errors During Replication
Replication and Server SQL Mode
Replication and Temporary Tables
Replication Retries and Timeouts
Replication and Time Zones
Replication and Transaction Inconsistencies
Replication and Transactions
Replication and Triggers
Replication and TRUNCATE TABLE
Replication and User Name Length
Replication and Variables
Replication and Views
Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
Upgrading a Replication Setup
Troubleshooting Replication
How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems
Group Replication
Group Replication Background
Replication Technologies
Primary-Secondary Replication
Group Replication
Group Replication Use Cases
Examples of Use Case Scenarios
Group Replication Details
Group Membership
Failure Detection
Fault-tolerance
Getting Started
Deploying Group Replication in Single-Primary Mode
Deploying Instances for Group Replication
Configuring an Instance for Group Replication
User Credentials
Launching Group Replication
Bootstrapping the Group
Adding Instances to the Group
Deploying Group Replication Locally
Monitoring Group Replication
Group Replication Server States
The replication_group_members Table
The replication_group_member_stats Table
Group Replication Operations
Deploying in Multi-Primary or Single-Primary Mode
Single-Primary Mode
Multi-Primary Mode
Finding the Primary
Tuning Recovery
Network Partitioning
Using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Group Replication
Group Replication Security
Group Replication IP Address Allowlisting
Group Replication Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Support
Group Replication and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Group Replication System Variables
Requirements and Limitations
Group Replication Requirements
Group Replication Limitations
Frequently Asked Questions
Group Replication Technical Details
Group Replication Plugin Architecture
The Group
Data Manipulation Statements
Data Definition Statements
Distributed Recovery
Distributed Recovery Basics
Recovering From a Point-in-time
View Changes
Usage Advice and Limitations of Distributed Recovery
Observability
Group Replication Performance
Fine Tuning the Group Communication Thread
Message Compression
Flow Control
MySQL Shell
Using MySQL as a Document Store
Key Concepts
Setting Up MySQL as a Document Store
Installing MySQL Shell
Installing MySQL Shell on Microsoft Windows
Installing MySQL Shell on Linux
Installing MySQL Shell on macOS
Starting MySQL Shell
Quick-Start Guide: MySQL for Visual Studio
X Plugin
Using Encrypted Connections with X Plugin
X Plugin Options and Variables
X Plugin Option and Variable Reference
X Plugin Options and System Variables
X Plugin Status Variables
Monitoring X Plugin
InnoDB Cluster
Introducing InnoDB Cluster
Creating an InnoDB Cluster
Deployment Scenarios
InnoDB Cluster Requirements
Methods of Installing
Sandbox Deployment of InnoDB Cluster
Production Deployment of InnoDB Cluster
Adopting a Group Replication Deployment
Using MySQL Router with InnoDB Cluster
Working with InnoDB Cluster
Known Limitations
MySQL NDB Cluster 7.5 and NDB Cluster 7.6
NDB Cluster Overview
NDB Cluster Core Concepts
NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions
NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements
What is New in NDB Cluster
What is New in NDB Cluster 7.5
What is New in NDB Cluster 7.6
NDB: Added, Deprecated, and Removed Options, Variables, and Parameters
Options, Variables, and Parameters Added, Deprecated or Removed in NDB 7.5
Options, Variables, and Parameters Added, Deprecated or Removed in NDB 7.6
MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster
Differences Between the NDB and InnoDB Storage Engines
NDB and InnoDB Workloads
NDB and InnoDB Feature Usage Summary
Known Limitations of NDB Cluster
Noncompliance with SQL Syntax in NDB Cluster
Limits and Differences of NDB Cluster from Standard MySQL Limits
Limits Relating to Transaction Handling in NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Error Handling
Limits Associated with Database Objects in NDB Cluster
Unsupported or Missing Features in NDB Cluster
Limitations Relating to Performance in NDB Cluster
Issues Exclusive to NDB Cluster
Limitations Relating to NDB Cluster Disk Data Storage
Limitations Relating to Multiple NDB Cluster Nodes
NDB Cluster Installation
The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NDB 7.5)
NDB Cluster Auto-Installer Requirements
Using the NDB Cluster Auto-Installer
The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NDB 7.6)
NDB Cluster Auto-Installer Requirements
Using the NDB Cluster Auto-Installer
Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux
Installing an NDB Cluster Binary Release on Linux
Installing NDB Cluster from RPM
Installing NDB Cluster Using .deb Files
Building NDB Cluster from Source on Linux
Installing NDB Cluster on Windows
Installing NDB Cluster on Windows from a Binary Release
Compiling and Installing NDB Cluster from Source on Windows
Initial Startup of NDB Cluster on Windows
Installing NDB Cluster Processes as Windows Services
Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster
Initial Startup of NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data
Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster
Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster
Upgrading and Downgrading NDB 7.5
Upgrading and Downgrading NDB 7.6
Configuration of NDB Cluster
Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster
Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables
NDB Cluster Data Node Configuration Parameters
NDB Cluster Management Node Configuration Parameters
NDB Cluster SQL Node and API Node Configuration Parameters
Other NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters
NDB Cluster mysqld Option and Variable Reference
NDB Cluster Configuration Files
NDB Cluster Configuration: Basic Example
Recommended Starting Configuration for NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Connection Strings
Defining Computers in an NDB Cluster
Defining an NDB Cluster Management Server
Defining NDB Cluster Data Nodes
Defining SQL and Other API Nodes in an NDB Cluster
Defining the System
MySQL Server Options and Variables for NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster TCP/IP Connections
NDB Cluster TCP/IP Connections Using Direct Connections
NDB Cluster Shared Memory Connections
Configuring NDB Cluster Send Buffer Parameters
Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Programs
ndbd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon
ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables
ndbmtd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded)
ndb_mgmd — The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon
ndb_mgm — The NDB Cluster Management Client
ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster Tables
ndb_config — Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information
ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development
ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table
ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables
ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table
ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table
ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility
ndb_import — Import CSV Data Into NDB
ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility
ndb_move_data — NDB Data Copy Utility
ndb_perror — Obtain NDB Error Message Information
ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents
ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents
ndb_print_frag_file — Print NDB Fragment List File Contents
ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents
ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents
ndb_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log
ndb_restore — Restore an NDB Cluster Backup
Restoring to a different number of data nodes
ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table
ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables
ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for NDB Cluster
ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables
ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator
ndb_top — View CPU usage information for NDB threads
ndb_waiter — Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status
Options Common to NDB Cluster Programs — Options Common to NDB Cluster Programs
Management of NDB Cluster
Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client
NDB Cluster Log Messages
NDB Cluster: Messages in the Cluster Log
NDB Cluster Log Startup Messages
Event Buffer Reporting in the Cluster Log
NDB Cluster: NDB Transporter Errors
Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Logging Management Commands
NDB Cluster Log Events
Using CLUSTERLOG STATISTICS in the NDB Cluster Management Client
Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases
Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Single User Mode
Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online
Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online: General Issues
Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online: Basic procedure
Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online: Detailed Example
Online Backup of NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Backup Concepts
Using The NDB Cluster Management Client to Create a Backup
Configuration for NDB Cluster Backups
NDB Cluster Backup Troubleshooting
MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster
NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables
NDB Cluster Disk Data Objects
Using Symbolic Links with Disk Data Objects
NDB Cluster Disk Data Storage Requirements
Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster
Distributed Privileges Using Shared Grant Tables
NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables
ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database
The ndbinfo arbitrator_validity_detail Table
The ndbinfo arbitrator_validity_summary Table
The ndbinfo blocks Table
The ndbinfo cluster_locks Table
The ndbinfo cluster_operations Table
The ndbinfo cluster_transactions Table
The ndbinfo config_nodes Table
The ndbinfo config_params Table
The ndbinfo config_values Table
The ndbinfo counters Table
The ndbinfo cpustat Table
The ndbinfo cpustat_50ms Table
The ndbinfo cpustat_1sec Table
The ndbinfo cpustat_20sec Table
The ndbinfo dict_obj_info Table
The ndbinfo dict_obj_types Table
The ndbinfo disk_write_speed_base Table
The ndbinfo disk_write_speed_aggregate Table
The ndbinfo disk_write_speed_aggregate_node Table
The ndbinfo diskpagebuffer Table
The ndbinfo error_messages Table
The ndbinfo locks_per_fragment Table
The ndbinfo logbuffers Table
The ndbinfo logspaces Table
The ndbinfo membership Table
The ndbinfo memoryusage Table
The ndbinfo memory_per_fragment Table
The ndbinfo nodes Table
The ndbinfo operations_per_fragment Table
The ndbinfo processes Table
The ndbinfo resources Table
The ndbinfo restart_info Table
The ndbinfo server_locks Table
The ndbinfo server_operations Table
The ndbinfo server_transactions Table
The ndbinfo table_distribution_status Table
The ndbinfo table_fragments Table
The ndbinfo table_info Table
The ndbinfo table_replicas Table
The ndbinfo tc_time_track_stats Table
The ndbinfo threadblocks Table
The ndbinfo threads Table
The ndbinfo threadstat Table
The ndbinfo transporters Table
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for NDB Cluster
Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements
NDB Cluster Security Issues
NDB Cluster Security and Networking Issues
NDB Cluster and MySQL Privileges
NDB Cluster and MySQL Security Procedures
NDB Cluster Replication
NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols
General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication
Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication
NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables
Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication
Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel)
Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication
Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication
NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication
NDB Cluster Replication: Automating Synchronization of the Replica to the Source Binary Log
Point-In-Time Recovery Using NDB Cluster Replication
NDB Cluster Replication: Bidrectional and Circular Replication
NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution
NDB Cluster Release Notes
Partitioning
Overview of Partitioning in MySQL
Partitioning Types
RANGE Partitioning
LIST Partitioning
COLUMNS Partitioning
RANGE COLUMNS partitioning
LIST COLUMNS partitioning
HASH Partitioning
LINEAR HASH Partitioning
KEY Partitioning
Subpartitioning
How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL
Partition Management
Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions
Management of HASH and KEY Partitions
Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables
Maintenance of Partitions
Obtaining Information About Partitions
Partition Pruning
Partition Selection
Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning
Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys
Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines
Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions
Partitioning and Locking
Stored Objects
Defining Stored Programs
Using Stored Routines
Stored Routine Syntax
Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges
Stored Routine Metadata
Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()
Using Triggers
Trigger Syntax and Examples
Trigger Metadata
Using the Event Scheduler
Event Scheduler Overview
Event Scheduler Configuration
Event Syntax
Event Metadata
Event Scheduler Status
The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges
Using Views
View Syntax
View Processing Algorithms
Updatable and Insertable Views
The View WITH CHECK OPTION Clause
View Metadata
Stored Object Access Control
Stored Program Binary Logging
Restrictions on Stored Programs
Restrictions on Views
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
Introduction
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ndb_transid_mysql_connection_map Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table
INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATE Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATS Table
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_STATE Table
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Tables
The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS Table
Extensions to SHOW Statements
MySQL Performance Schema
Performance Schema Quick Start
Performance Schema Build Configuration
Performance Schema Startup Configuration
Performance Schema Runtime Configuration
Performance Schema Event Timing
Performance Schema Event Filtering
Event Pre-Filtering
Pre-Filtering by Instrument
Pre-Filtering by Object
Pre-Filtering by Thread
Pre-Filtering by Consumer
Example Consumer Configurations
Naming Instruments or Consumers for Filtering Operations
Determining What Is Instrumented
Performance Schema Queries
Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions
Performance Schema Status Monitoring
Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events
Performance Schema Tables for Current and Historical Events
Performance Schema Statement Digests
Performance Schema General Table Characteristics
Performance Schema Table Descriptions
Performance Schema Table Index
Performance Schema Setup Tables
The setup_actors Table
The setup_consumers Table
The setup_instruments Table
The setup_objects Table
The setup_timers Table
Performance Schema Instance Tables
The cond_instances Table
The file_instances Table
The mutex_instances Table
The rwlock_instances Table
The socket_instances Table
Performance Schema Wait Event Tables
The events_waits_current Table
The events_waits_history Table
The events_waits_history_long Table
Performance Schema Stage Event Tables
The events_stages_current Table
The events_stages_history Table
The events_stages_history_long Table
Performance Schema Statement Event Tables
The events_statements_current Table
The events_statements_history Table
The events_statements_history_long Table
The prepared_statements_instances Table
Performance Schema Transaction Tables
The events_transactions_current Table
The events_transactions_history Table
The events_transactions_history_long Table
Performance Schema Connection Tables
The accounts Table
The hosts Table
The users Table
Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables
The session_account_connect_attrs Table
The session_connect_attrs Table
Performance Schema User-Defined Variable Tables
Performance Schema Replication Tables
The replication_connection_configuration Table
The replication_connection_status Table
The replication_applier_configuration Table
The replication_applier_status Table
The replication_applier_status_by_coordinator Table
The replication_applier_status_by_worker Table
The replication_group_members Table
The replication_group_member_stats Table
Performance Schema Lock Tables
The metadata_locks Table
The table_handles Table
Performance Schema System Variable Tables
Performance Schema Status Variable Tables
Performance Schema Summary Tables
Wait Event Summary Tables
Stage Summary Tables
Statement Summary Tables
Transaction Summary Tables
Object Wait Summary Table
File I/O Summary Tables
Table I/O and Lock Wait Summary Tables
Socket Summary Tables
Memory Summary Tables
Status Variable Summary Tables
Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables
The host_cache Table
The performance_timers Table
The threads Table
Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference
Performance Schema Command Options
Performance Schema System Variables
Performance Schema Status Variables
The Performance Schema Memory-Allocation Model
Performance Schema and Plugins
Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems
Query Profiling Using Performance Schema
Migrating to Performance Schema System and Status Variable Tables
Restrictions on Performance Schema
MySQL sys Schema
Prerequisites for Using the sys Schema
Using the sys Schema
sys Schema Progress Reporting
sys Schema Object Reference
sys Schema Object Index
sys Schema Tables and Triggers
The sys_config Table
The sys_config_insert_set_user Trigger
The sys_config_update_set_user Trigger
sys Schema Views
The host_summary and x$host_summary Views
The host_summary_by_file_io and x$host_summary_by_file_io Views
The host_summary_by_file_io_type and x$host_summary_by_file_io_type Views
The host_summary_by_stages and x$host_summary_by_stages Views
The host_summary_by_statement_latency and x$host_summary_by_statement_latency Views
The host_summary_by_statement_type and x$host_summary_by_statement_type Views
The innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema Views
The innodb_buffer_stats_by_table and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table Views
The innodb_lock_waits and x$innodb_lock_waits Views
The io_by_thread_by_latency and x$io_by_thread_by_latency Views
The io_global_by_file_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes Views
The io_global_by_file_by_latency and x$io_global_by_file_by_latency Views
The io_global_by_wait_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes Views
The io_global_by_wait_by_latency and x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency Views
The latest_file_io and x$latest_file_io Views
The memory_by_host_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes Views
The memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes Views
The memory_by_user_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_user_by_current_bytes Views
The memory_global_by_current_bytes and x$memory_global_by_current_bytes Views
The memory_global_total and x$memory_global_total Views
The metrics View
The processlist and x$processlist Views
The ps_check_lost_instrumentation View
The schema_auto_increment_columns View
The schema_index_statistics and x$schema_index_statistics Views
The schema_object_overview View
The schema_redundant_indexes and x$schema_flattened_keys Views
The schema_table_lock_waits and x$schema_table_lock_waits Views
The schema_table_statistics and x$schema_table_statistics Views
The schema_table_statistics_with_buffer and x$schema_table_statistics_with_buffer Views
The schema_tables_with_full_table_scans and x$schema_tables_with_full_table_scans Views
The schema_unused_indexes View
The session and x$session Views
The session_ssl_status View
The statement_analysis and x$statement_analysis Views
The statements_with_errors_or_warnings and x$statements_with_errors_or_warnings Views
The statements_with_full_table_scans and x$statements_with_full_table_scans Views
The statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile and x$statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile Views
The statements_with_sorting and x$statements_with_sorting Views
The statements_with_temp_tables and x$statements_with_temp_tables Views
The user_summary and x$user_summary Views
The user_summary_by_file_io and x$user_summary_by_file_io Views
The user_summary_by_file_io_type and x$user_summary_by_file_io_type Views
The user_summary_by_stages and x$user_summary_by_stages Views
The user_summary_by_statement_latency and x$user_summary_by_statement_latency Views
The user_summary_by_statement_type and x$user_summary_by_statement_type Views
The version View
The wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency and x$wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency Views
The wait_classes_global_by_latency and x$wait_classes_global_by_latency Views
The waits_by_host_by_latency and x$waits_by_host_by_latency Views
The waits_by_user_by_latency and x$waits_by_user_by_latency Views
The waits_global_by_latency and x$waits_global_by_latency Views
sys Schema Stored Procedures
The create_synonym_db() Procedure
The diagnostics() Procedure
The execute_prepared_stmt() Procedure
The ps_setup_disable_background_threads() Procedure
The ps_setup_disable_consumer() Procedure
The ps_setup_disable_instrument() Procedure
The ps_setup_disable_thread() Procedure
The ps_setup_enable_background_threads() Procedure
The ps_setup_enable_consumer() Procedure
The ps_setup_enable_instrument() Procedure
The ps_setup_enable_thread() Procedure
The ps_setup_reload_saved() Procedure
The ps_setup_reset_to_default() Procedure
The ps_setup_save() Procedure
The ps_setup_show_disabled() Procedure
The ps_setup_show_disabled_consumers() Procedure
The ps_setup_show_disabled_instruments() Procedure
The ps_setup_show_enabled() Procedure
The ps_setup_show_enabled_consumers() Procedure
The ps_setup_show_enabled_instruments() Procedure
The ps_statement_avg_latency_histogram() Procedure
The ps_trace_statement_digest() Procedure
The ps_trace_thread() Procedure
The ps_truncate_all_tables() Procedure
The statement_performance_analyzer() Procedure
The table_exists() Procedure
sys Schema Stored Functions
The extract_schema_from_file_name() Function
The extract_table_from_file_name() Function
The format_bytes() Function
The format_path() Function
The format_statement() Function
The format_time() Function
The list_add() Function
The list_drop() Function
The ps_is_account_enabled() Function
The ps_is_consumer_enabled() Function
The ps_is_instrument_default_enabled() Function
The ps_is_instrument_default_timed() Function
The ps_is_thread_instrumented() Function
The ps_thread_account() Function
The ps_thread_id() Function
The ps_thread_stack() Function
The ps_thread_trx_info() Function
The quote_identifier() Function
The sys_get_config() Function
The version_major() Function
The version_minor() Function
The version_patch() Function
Connectors and APIs
MySQL Connector/C++
MySQL Connector/J
MySQL Connector/NET
MySQL Connector/ODBC
MySQL Connector/Python
libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
Compiling Programs with libmysqld
Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server
Options with the Embedded Server
Embedded Server Examples
MySQL C API
MySQL PHP API
MySQL Perl API
MySQL Python API
MySQL Ruby APIs
The MySQL/Ruby API
The Ruby/MySQL API
MySQL Tcl API
MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
Extending MySQL
MySQL Internals
MySQL Threads
The MySQL Test Suite
The MySQL Plugin API
Types of Plugins
Plugin API Characteristics
Plugin API Components
Writing Plugins
Overview of Plugin Writing
Plugin Data Structures
Compiling and Installing Plugin Libraries
Writing Full-Text Parser Plugins
Writing Daemon Plugins
Writing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Plugins
Writing Semisynchronous Replication Plugins
Writing Audit Plugins
Writing Authentication Plugins
Writing Password-Validation Plugins
Writing Protocol Trace Plugins
Writing Keyring Plugins
MySQL Services for Plugins
The Locking Service
The Locking Service C Interface
The Locking Service UDF Interface
The Keyring Service
Adding Functions to MySQL
Features of the User-Defined Function Interface
Adding a User-Defined Function
Adding a Native Function
Debugging and Porting MySQL
Debugging a MySQL Server
Compiling MySQL for Debugging
Creating Trace Files
Using WER with PDB to create a Windows crashdump
Debugging mysqld under gdb
Using a Stack Trace
Using Server Logs to Find Causes of Errors in mysqld
Making a Test Case If You Experience Table Corruption
Debugging a MySQL Client
The DBUG Package
MySQL Enterprise Edition
MySQL Enterprise Monitor Overview
MySQL Enterprise Backup Overview
MySQL Enterprise Security Overview
MySQL Enterprise Encryption Overview
MySQL Enterprise Audit Overview
MySQL Enterprise Firewall Overview
MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool Overview
MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Overview
MySQL Workbench
MySQL 5.7 Frequently Asked Questions
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: General
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Storage Engines
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Server SQL Mode
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Triggers
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Views
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Migration
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Security
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: NDB Cluster
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Connectors & APIs
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: C API, libmysql
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Replication
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: InnoDB Change Buffer
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption
MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Virtualization Support
Error Messages and Common Problems
Error Message Sources and Components
Error Information Interfaces
Problems and Common Errors
How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
Access denied
Can't connect to [local] MySQL server
Lost connection to MySQL server
Password Fails When Entered Interactively
Host 'host_name' is blocked
Too many connections
Out of memory
MySQL server has gone away
Packet Too Large
Communication Errors and Aborted Connections
The table is full
Can't create/write to file
Commands out of sync
Ignoring user
Table 'tbl_name' doesn't exist
Can't initialize character set
File Not Found and Similar Errors
Table-Corruption Issues
Administration-Related Issues
Problems with File Permissions
How to Reset the Root Password
What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing
How MySQL Handles a Full Disk
Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files
How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File
Time Zone Problems
Query-Related Issues
Case Sensitivity in String Searches
Problems Using DATE Columns
Problems with NULL Values
Problems with Column Aliases
Rollback Failure for Nontransactional Tables
Deleting Rows from Related Tables
Solving Problems with No Matching Rows
Problems with Floating-Point Values
Optimizer-Related Issues
Table Definition-Related Issues
Problems with ALTER TABLE
TEMPORARY Table Problems
Known Issues in MySQL
Indexes
General Index
Function Index
Command Index
Function Index
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index
Join Types Index
Operator Index
Option Index
Privileges Index
Modes Index
Statement/Syntax Index
Status Variable Index
System Variable Index
Transaction Isolation Level Index
MySQL Glossary
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14.6 InnoDB On-Disk Structures
14.6.1 Tables
14.6.2 Indexes
14.6.3 Tablespaces
14.6.4 InnoDB Data Dictionary
14.6.5 Doublewrite Buffer
14.6.6 Redo Log
14.6.7 Undo Logs
This section describes
InnoDB
on-disk structures and related topics.
Name
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Last Updated
2021-07-03T12:24:35
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