Logo MySql
Back to index
  • Preface and Legal Notices
  • General Information
    • About This Manual
    • Typographical and Syntax Conventions
    • Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
      • What is MySQL?
      • The Main Features of MySQL
      • History of MySQL
    • What Is New in MySQL 5.7
    • Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed in MySQL 5.7
    • MySQL Information Sources
      • MySQL Websites
      • MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums
      • MySQL Enterprise
    • How to Report Bugs or Problems
    • MySQL Standards Compliance
      • MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
      • MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
        • SELECT INTO TABLE Differences
        • UPDATE Differences
        • FOREIGN KEY Constraint Differences
        • '--' as the Start of a Comment
      • How MySQL Deals with Constraints
        • PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE Index Constraints
        • FOREIGN KEY Constraints
        • Constraints on Invalid Data
        • ENUM and SET Constraints
    • Credits
      • Contributors to MySQL
      • Documenters and translators
      • Packages that support MySQL
      • Tools that were used to create MySQL
      • Supporters of MySQL
  • Installing and Upgrading MySQL
    • General Installation Guidance
      • Which MySQL Version and Distribution to Install
      • How to Get MySQL
      • Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
        • Verifying the MD5 Checksum
        • Signature Checking Using GnuPG
        • Signature Checking Using Gpg4win for Windows
        • Signature Checking Using RPM
      • Installation Layouts
      • Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
    • Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries
    • Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
      • MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows
      • Choosing an Installation Package
      • MySQL Installer for Windows
        • MySQL Installer Initial Setup
        • Setting Alternative Server Paths with MySQL Installer
        • Installation Workflow with MySQL Installer
        • MySQL Installer Product Catalog and Dashboard
        • MySQLInstallerConsole Reference
      • Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall ZIP Archive
        • Extracting the Install Archive
        • Creating an Option File
        • Selecting a MySQL Server Type
        • Initializing the Data Directory
        • Starting the Server for the First Time
        • Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
        • Customizing the PATH for MySQL Tools
        • Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
        • Testing The MySQL Installation
      • Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation
      • Windows Postinstallation Procedures
      • Windows Platform Restrictions
    • Installing MySQL on macOS
      • General Notes on Installing MySQL on macOS
      • Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages
      • Installing a MySQL Launch Daemon
      • Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane
    • Installing MySQL on Linux
      • Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository
      • Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository
      • Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL APT Repository
      • Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL SLES Repository
      • Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle
      • Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle
      • Deploying MySQL on Linux with Docker
        • Basic Steps for MySQL Server Deployment with Docker
        • More Topics on Deploying MySQL Server with Docker
        • Deploying MySQL on Windows and Other Non-Linux Platforms with Docker
      • Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories
      • Installing MySQL on Linux with Juju
      • Managing MySQL Server with systemd
    • Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)
    • Installing MySQL on Solaris
      • Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG
    • Installing MySQL on FreeBSD
    • Installing MySQL from Source
      • Source Installation Methods
      • Source Installation Prerequisites
      • MySQL Layout for Source Installation
      • Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution
      • Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree
      • Configuring SSL Library Support
      • MySQL Source-Configuration Options
      • Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
      • MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools
    • Postinstallation Setup and Testing
      • Initializing the Data Directory
      • Starting the Server
        • Troubleshooting Problems Starting the MySQL Server
      • Testing the Server
      • Securing the Initial MySQL Account
      • Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
    • Upgrading MySQL
      • Before You Begin
      • Upgrade Paths
      • Changes in MySQL 5.7
      • Upgrading MySQL Binary or Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
      • Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository
      • Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository
      • Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL SLES Repository
      • Upgrading MySQL on Windows
      • Upgrading a Docker Installation of MySQL
      • Upgrading MySQL with Directly-Downloaded RPM Packages
      • Upgrade Troubleshooting
      • Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
      • Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
    • Downgrading MySQL
      • Before You Begin
      • Downgrade Paths
      • Downgrade Notes
      • Downgrading Binary and Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
      • Downgrade Troubleshooting
    • Perl Installation Notes
      • Installing Perl on Unix
      • Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
      • Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
  • Tutorial
    • Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
    • Entering Queries
    • Creating and Using a Database
      • Creating and Selecting a Database
      • Creating a Table
      • Loading Data into a Table
      • Retrieving Information from a Table
        • Selecting All Data
        • Selecting Particular Rows
        • Selecting Particular Columns
        • Sorting Rows
        • Date Calculations
        • Working with NULL Values
        • Pattern Matching
        • Counting Rows
        • Using More Than one Table
    • Getting Information About Databases and Tables
    • Using mysql in Batch Mode
    • Examples of Common Queries
      • The Maximum Value for a Column
      • The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
      • Maximum of Column per Group
      • The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column
      • Using User-Defined Variables
      • Using Foreign Keys
      • Searching on Two Keys
      • Calculating Visits Per Day
      • Using AUTO_INCREMENT
    • Using MySQL with Apache
  • MySQL Programs
    • Overview of MySQL Programs
    • Using MySQL Programs
      • Invoking MySQL Programs
      • Specifying Program Options
        • Using Options on the Command Line
        • Using Option Files
        • Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling
        • Program Option Modifiers
        • Using Options to Set Program Variables
        • Option Defaults, Options Expecting Values, and the = Sign
      • Command Options for Connecting to the Server
      • Connecting to the MySQL Server Using Command Options
      • Connection Transport Protocols
      • Connection Compression Control
      • Setting Environment Variables
    • Server and Server-Startup Programs
      • mysqld — The MySQL Server
      • mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script
      • mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script
      • mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers
    • Installation-Related Programs
      • comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File
      • mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory
      • mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins
      • mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security
      • mysql_ssl_rsa_setup — Create SSL/RSA Files
      • mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables
      • mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables
    • Client Programs
      • mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Client
        • mysql Client Options
        • mysql Client Commands
        • mysql Client Logging
        • mysql Client Server-Side Help
        • Executing SQL Statements from a Text File
        • mysql Client Tips
      • mysqladmin — A MySQL Server Administration Program
      • mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program
      • mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
      • mysqlimport — A Data Import Program
      • mysqlpump — A Database Backup Program
      • mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information
      • mysqlslap — A Load Emulation Client
    • Administrative and Utility Programs
      • innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility
      • myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
      • myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
        • myisamchk General Options
        • myisamchk Check Options
        • myisamchk Repair Options
        • Other myisamchk Options
        • Obtaining Table Information with myisamchk
        • myisamchk Memory Usage
      • myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
      • myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
      • mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility
      • mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
        • mysqlbinlog Hex Dump Format
        • mysqlbinlog Row Event Display
        • Using mysqlbinlog to Back Up Binary Log Files
        • Specifying the mysqlbinlog Server ID
      • mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files
    • Program Development Utilities
      • mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients
      • my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files
      • resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols
    • Miscellaneous Programs
      • lz4_decompress — Decompress mysqlpump LZ4-Compressed Output
      • perror — Display MySQL Error Message Information
      • replace — A String-Replacement Utility
      • resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa
      • zlib_decompress — Decompress mysqlpump ZLIB-Compressed Output
    • Environment Variables
    • Unix Signal Handling in MySQL
  • MySQL Server Administration
    • The MySQL Server
      • Configuring the Server
      • Server Configuration Defaults
      • Server Option, System Variable, and Status Variable Reference
      • Server System Variable Reference
      • Server Status Variable Reference
      • Server Command Options
      • Server System Variables
      • Using System Variables
        • System Variable Privileges
        • Dynamic System Variables
        • Structured System Variables
      • Server Status Variables
      • Server SQL Modes
      • Connection Management
        • Connection Interfaces
        • DNS Lookups and the Host Cache
      • IPv6 Support
        • Verifying System Support for IPv6
        • Configuring the MySQL Server to Permit IPv6 Connections
        • Connecting Using the IPv6 Local Host Address
        • Connecting Using IPv6 Nonlocal Host Addresses
        • Obtaining an IPv6 Address from a Broker
      • MySQL Server Time Zone Support
      • Server-Side Help Support
      • Server Tracking of Client Session State Changes
      • The Server Shutdown Process
    • The MySQL Data Directory
    • The mysql System Database
    • MySQL Server Logs
      • Selecting General Query Log and Slow Query Log Output Destinations
      • The Error Log
        • Error Logging on Windows
        • Error Logging on Unix and Unix-Like Systems
        • Error Logging to the System Log
        • Error Log Filtering
        • Error Log Message Format
        • Error Log File Flushing and Renaming
      • The General Query Log
      • The Binary Log
        • Binary Logging Formats
        • Setting The Binary Log Format
        • Mixed Binary Logging Format
        • Logging Format for Changes to mysql Database Tables
      • The Slow Query Log
      • The DDL Log
      • Server Log Maintenance
    • MySQL Server Plugins
      • Installing and Uninstalling Plugins
      • Obtaining Server Plugin Information
      • MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
        • Thread Pool Components
        • Thread Pool Installation
        • Thread Pool Operation
        • Thread Pool Tuning
      • The Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin
        • Installing or Uninstalling the Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin
        • Using the Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin
        • Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin Reference
      • Version Tokens
        • Version Tokens Components
        • Installing or Uninstalling Version Tokens
        • Using Version Tokens
        • Version Tokens Reference
    • MySQL Server User-Defined Functions
      • User-Defined Function Reference
      • Installing and Uninstalling User-Defined Functions
      • Obtaining User-Defined Function Information
    • Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine
      • Setting Up Multiple Data Directories
      • Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows
        • Starting Multiple MySQL Instances at the Windows Command Line
        • Starting Multiple MySQL Instances as Windows Services
      • Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix
      • Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
    • Tracing mysqld Using DTrace
      • mysqld DTrace Probe Reference
        • Connection Probes
        • Command Probes
        • Query Probes
        • Query Parsing Probes
        • Query Cache Probes
        • Query Execution Probes
        • Row-Level Probes
        • Read Row Probes
        • Index Probes
        • Lock Probes
        • Filesort Probes
        • Statement Probes
        • Network Probes
        • Keycache Probes
  • Security
    • General Security Issues
      • Security Guidelines
      • Keeping Passwords Secure
        • End-User Guidelines for Password Security
        • Administrator Guidelines for Password Security
        • Passwords and Logging
        • Password Hashing in MySQL
      • Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
      • Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables
      • How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
      • Security Considerations for LOAD DATA LOCAL
      • Client Programming Security Guidelines
    • Access Control and Account Management
      • Account User Names and Passwords
      • Privileges Provided by MySQL
      • Grant Tables
      • Specifying Account Names
      • Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
      • Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
      • Adding Accounts, Assigning Privileges, and Dropping Accounts
      • Reserved Accounts
      • When Privilege Changes Take Effect
      • Assigning Account Passwords
      • Password Management
      • Server Handling of Expired Passwords
      • Pluggable Authentication
      • Proxy Users
      • Account Locking
      • Setting Account Resource Limits
      • Troubleshooting Problems Connecting to MySQL
      • SQL-Based Account Activity Auditing
    • Using Encrypted Connections
      • Configuring MySQL to Use Encrypted Connections
      • Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers
      • Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys
        • Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys using MySQL
        • Creating SSL Certificates and Keys Using openssl
        • Creating RSA Keys Using openssl
      • SSL Library-Dependent Capabilities
      • Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
    • Security Plugins
      • Authentication Plugins
        • Native Pluggable Authentication
        • Old Native Pluggable Authentication
        • Migrating Away from Pre-4.1 Password Hashing and the mysql_old_password Plugin
        • Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication
        • SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication
        • Client-Side Cleartext Pluggable Authentication
        • PAM Pluggable Authentication
        • Windows Pluggable Authentication
        • LDAP Pluggable Authentication
        • No-Login Pluggable Authentication
        • Socket Peer-Credential Pluggable Authentication
        • Test Pluggable Authentication
        • Pluggable Authentication System Variables
      • The Connection-Control Plugins
        • Connection-Control Plugin Installation
        • Connection-Control System and Status Variables
      • The Password Validation Plugin
        • Password Validation Plugin Installation
        • Password Validation Plugin Options and Variables
      • The MySQL Keyring
        • Keyring Plugin Installation
        • Using the keyring_file File-Based Plugin
        • Using the keyring_encrypted_file Keyring Plugin
        • Using the keyring_okv KMIP Plugin
        • Using the keyring_aws Amazon Web Services Keyring Plugin
        • Supported Keyring Key Types and Lengths
        • Migrating Keys Between Keyring Keystores
        • General-Purpose Keyring Key-Management Functions
        • Plugin-Specific Keyring Key-Management Functions
        • Keyring Command Options
        • Keyring System Variables
      • MySQL Enterprise Audit
        • Audit Log Components
        • Installing or Uninstalling MySQL Enterprise Audit
        • MySQL Enterprise Audit Security Considerations
        • Audit Log File Formats
        • Configuring Audit Logging Characteristics
        • Reading Audit Log Files
        • Audit Log Filtering
        • Writing Audit Log Filter Definitions
        • Legacy Mode Audit Log Filtering
        • Audit Log Reference
        • Audit Log Restrictions
      • MySQL Enterprise Firewall
        • MySQL Enterprise Firewall Components
        • Installing or Uninstalling MySQL Enterprise Firewall
        • Using MySQL Enterprise Firewall
        • MySQL Enterprise Firewall Reference
      • MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification
        • MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Components
        • Installing or Uninstalling MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification
        • Using MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification
        • MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification User-Defined Function Reference
    • SELinux
      • Check if SELinux is Enabled
      • Changing the SELinux Mode
      • MySQL Server SELinux Policies
      • SELinux File Context
      • SELinux TCP Port Context
        • Setting the TCP Port Context for mysqld
        • Setting the TCP Port Context for MySQL Features
      • Troubleshooting SELinux
  • Backup and Recovery
    • Backup and Recovery Types
    • Database Backup Methods
    • Example Backup and Recovery Strategy
      • Establishing a Backup Policy
      • Using Backups for Recovery
      • Backup Strategy Summary
    • Using mysqldump for Backups
      • Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump
      • Reloading SQL-Format Backups
      • Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump
      • Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups
      • mysqldump Tips
        • Making a Copy of a Database
        • Copy a Database from one Server to Another
        • Dumping Stored Programs
        • Dumping Table Definitions and Content Separately
        • Using mysqldump to Test for Upgrade Incompatibilities
    • Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery
      • Point-in-Time Recovery Using Binary Log
      • Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions
    • MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
      • Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
      • How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors
      • How to Repair MyISAM Tables
      • MyISAM Table Optimization
      • Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule
  • Optimization
    • Optimization Overview
    • Optimizing SQL Statements
      • Optimizing SELECT Statements
        • WHERE Clause Optimization
        • Range Optimization
        • Index Merge Optimization
        • Engine Condition Pushdown Optimization
        • Index Condition Pushdown Optimization
        • Nested-Loop Join Algorithms
        • Nested Join Optimization
        • Outer Join Optimization
        • Outer Join Simplification
        • Multi-Range Read Optimization
        • Block Nested-Loop and Batched Key Access Joins
        • Condition Filtering
        • IS NULL Optimization
        • ORDER BY Optimization
        • GROUP BY Optimization
        • DISTINCT Optimization
        • LIMIT Query Optimization
        • Function Call Optimization
        • Row Constructor Expression Optimization
        • Avoiding Full Table Scans
      • Optimizing Subqueries, Derived Tables, and View References
        • Optimizing Subqueries, Derived Tables, and View References with Semijoin Transformations
        • Optimizing Subqueries with Materialization
        • Optimizing Subqueries with the EXISTS Strategy
        • Optimizing Derived Tables and View References with Merging or Materialization
      • Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries
      • Optimizing Data Change Statements
        • Optimizing INSERT Statements
        • Optimizing UPDATE Statements
        • Optimizing DELETE Statements
      • Optimizing Database Privileges
      • Other Optimization Tips
    • Optimization and Indexes
      • How MySQL Uses Indexes
      • Primary Key Optimization
      • Foreign Key Optimization
      • Column Indexes
      • Multiple-Column Indexes
      • Verifying Index Usage
      • InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection
      • Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes
      • Use of Index Extensions
      • Optimizer Use of Generated Column Indexes
      • Indexed Lookups from TIMESTAMP Columns
    • Optimizing Database Structure
      • Optimizing Data Size
      • Optimizing MySQL Data Types
        • Optimizing for Numeric Data
        • Optimizing for Character and String Types
        • Optimizing for BLOB Types
        • Using PROCEDURE ANALYSE
      • Optimizing for Many Tables
        • How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
        • Disadvantages of Creating Many Tables in the Same Database
      • Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL
      • Limits on Number of Databases and Tables
      • Limits on Table Size
      • Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size
    • Optimizing for InnoDB Tables
      • Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables
      • Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management
      • Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions
      • Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging
      • Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables
      • Optimizing InnoDB Queries
      • Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations
      • Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O
      • Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables
      • Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables
    • Optimizing for MyISAM Tables
      • Optimizing MyISAM Queries
      • Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables
      • Optimizing REPAIR TABLE Statements
    • Optimizing for MEMORY Tables
    • Understanding the Query Execution Plan
      • Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN
      • EXPLAIN Output Format
      • Extended EXPLAIN Output Format
      • Obtaining Execution Plan Information for a Named Connection
      • Estimating Query Performance
    • Controlling the Query Optimizer
      • Controlling Query Plan Evaluation
      • Switchable Optimizations
      • Optimizer Hints
      • Index Hints
      • The Optimizer Cost Model
    • Buffering and Caching
      • InnoDB Buffer Pool Optimization
      • The MyISAM Key Cache
        • Shared Key Cache Access
        • Multiple Key Caches
        • Midpoint Insertion Strategy
        • Index Preloading
        • Key Cache Block Size
        • Restructuring a Key Cache
      • The MySQL Query Cache
        • How the Query Cache Operates
        • Query Cache SELECT Options
        • Query Cache Configuration
        • Query Cache Status and Maintenance
      • Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs
    • Optimizing Locking Operations
      • Internal Locking Methods
      • Table Locking Issues
      • Concurrent Inserts
      • Metadata Locking
      • External Locking
    • Optimizing the MySQL Server
      • System Factors
      • Optimizing Disk I/O
      • Using Symbolic Links
        • Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Unix
        • Using Symbolic Links for MyISAM Tables on Unix
        • Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Windows
      • Optimizing Memory Use
        • How MySQL Uses Memory
        • Enabling Large Page Support
    • Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)
      • Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions
      • Using Your Own Benchmarks
      • Measuring Performance with performance_schema
    • Examining Server Thread (Process) Information
      • Accessing the Process List
      • Thread Command Values
      • General Thread States
      • Query Cache Thread States
      • Replication Source Thread States
      • Replication Replica I/O Thread States
      • Replication Replica SQL Thread States
      • Replication Replica Connection Thread States
      • NDB Cluster Thread States
      • Event Scheduler Thread States
  • Language Structure
    • Literal Values
      • String Literals
      • Numeric Literals
      • Date and Time Literals
      • Hexadecimal Literals
      • Bit-Value Literals
      • Boolean Literals
      • NULL Values
    • Schema Object Names
      • Identifier Length Limits
      • Identifier Qualifiers
      • Identifier Case Sensitivity
      • Mapping of Identifiers to File Names
      • Function Name Parsing and Resolution
    • Keywords and Reserved Words
    • User-Defined Variables
    • Expressions
    • Comment Syntax
  • Character Sets, Collations, Unicode
    • Character Sets and Collations in General
    • Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
      • Character Set Repertoire
      • UTF-8 for Metadata
    • Specifying Character Sets and Collations
      • Collation Naming Conventions
      • Server Character Set and Collation
      • Database Character Set and Collation
      • Table Character Set and Collation
      • Column Character Set and Collation
      • Character String Literal Character Set and Collation
      • The National Character Set
      • Character Set Introducers
      • Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment
      • Compatibility with Other DBMSs
    • Connection Character Sets and Collations
    • Configuring Application Character Set and Collation
    • Error Message Character Set
    • Column Character Set Conversion
    • Collation Issues
      • Using COLLATE in SQL Statements
      • COLLATE Clause Precedence
      • Character Set and Collation Compatibility
      • Collation Coercibility in Expressions
      • The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations
      • Examples of the Effect of Collation
      • Using Collation in INFORMATION_SCHEMA Searches
    • Unicode Support
      • The utf8mb4 Character Set (4-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
      • The utf8mb3 Character Set (3-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
      • The utf8 Character Set (Alias for utf8mb3)
      • The ucs2 Character Set (UCS-2 Unicode Encoding)
      • The utf16 Character Set (UTF-16 Unicode Encoding)
      • The utf16le Character Set (UTF-16LE Unicode Encoding)
      • The utf32 Character Set (UTF-32 Unicode Encoding)
      • Converting Between 3-Byte and 4-Byte Unicode Character Sets
    • Supported Character Sets and Collations
      • Unicode Character Sets
      • West European Character Sets
      • Central European Character Sets
      • South European and Middle East Character Sets
      • Baltic Character Sets
      • Cyrillic Character Sets
      • Asian Character Sets
        • The cp932 Character Set
        • The gb18030 Character Set
      • The Binary Character Set
    • Restrictions on Character Sets
    • Setting the Error Message Language
    • Adding a Character Set
      • Character Definition Arrays
      • String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets
      • Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets
    • Adding a Collation to a Character Set
      • Collation Implementation Types
      • Choosing a Collation ID
      • Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set
      • Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set
        • Defining a UCA Collation Using LDML Syntax
        • LDML Syntax Supported in MySQL
        • Diagnostics During Index.xml Parsing
    • Character Set Configuration
    • MySQL Server Locale Support
  • Data Types
    • Numeric Data Types
      • Numeric Data Type Syntax
      • Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT
      • Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC
      • Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE
      • Bit-Value Type - BIT
      • Numeric Type Attributes
      • Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling
    • Date and Time Data Types
      • Date and Time Data Type Syntax
      • The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types
      • The TIME Type
      • The YEAR Type
      • 2-Digit YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to 4-Digit YEAR
      • Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME
      • Fractional Seconds in Time Values
      • Conversion Between Date and Time Types
      • 2-Digit Years in Dates
    • String Data Types
      • String Data Type Syntax
      • The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
      • The BINARY and VARBINARY Types
      • The BLOB and TEXT Types
      • The ENUM Type
      • The SET Type
    • Spatial Data Types
      • Spatial Data Types
      • The OpenGIS Geometry Model
        • The Geometry Class Hierarchy
        • Geometry Class
        • Point Class
        • Curve Class
        • LineString Class
        • Surface Class
        • Polygon Class
        • GeometryCollection Class
        • MultiPoint Class
        • MultiCurve Class
        • MultiLineString Class
        • MultiSurface Class
        • MultiPolygon Class
      • Supported Spatial Data Formats
      • Geometry Well-Formedness and Validity
      • Creating Spatial Columns
      • Populating Spatial Columns
      • Fetching Spatial Data
      • Optimizing Spatial Analysis
      • Creating Spatial Indexes
      • Using Spatial Indexes
    • The JSON Data Type
    • Data Type Default Values
    • Data Type Storage Requirements
    • Choosing the Right Type for a Column
    • Using Data Types from Other Database Engines
  • Functions and Operators
    • Function and Operator Reference
    • Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation
    • Operators
      • Operator Precedence
      • Comparison Functions and Operators
      • Logical Operators
      • Assignment Operators
    • Control Flow Functions
    • Numeric Functions and Operators
      • Arithmetic Operators
      • Mathematical Functions
    • Date and Time Functions
    • String Functions and Operators
      • String Comparison Functions and Operators
      • Regular Expressions
      • Character Set and Collation of Function Results
    • What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?
    • Full-Text Search Functions
      • Natural Language Full-Text Searches
      • Boolean Full-Text Searches
      • Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
      • Full-Text Stopwords
      • Full-Text Restrictions
      • Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
      • Adding a Collation for Full-Text Indexing
      • ngram Full-Text Parser
      • MeCab Full-Text Parser Plugin
    • Cast Functions and Operators
    • XML Functions
    • Bit Functions and Operators
    • Encryption and Compression Functions
    • Locking Functions
    • Information Functions
    • Spatial Analysis Functions
      • Spatial Function Reference
      • Argument Handling by Spatial Functions
      • Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKT Values
      • Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKB Values
      • MySQL-Specific Functions That Create Geometry Values
      • Geometry Format Conversion Functions
      • Geometry Property Functions
        • General Geometry Property Functions
        • Point Property Functions
        • LineString and MultiLineString Property Functions
        • Polygon and MultiPolygon Property Functions
        • GeometryCollection Property Functions
      • Spatial Operator Functions
      • Functions That Test Spatial Relations Between Geometry Objects
        • Spatial Relation Functions That Use Object Shapes
        • Spatial Relation Functions That Use Minimum Bounding Rectangles
      • Spatial Geohash Functions
      • Spatial GeoJSON Functions
      • Spatial Convenience Functions
    • JSON Functions
      • JSON Function Reference
      • Functions That Create JSON Values
      • Functions That Search JSON Values
      • Functions That Modify JSON Values
      • Functions That Return JSON Value Attributes
      • JSON Utility Functions
    • Functions Used with Global Transaction Identifiers (GTIDs)
    • MySQL Enterprise Encryption Functions
      • MySQL Enterprise Encryption Installation
      • MySQL Enterprise Encryption Usage and Examples
      • MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Reference
      • MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Descriptions
    • Aggregate Functions
      • Aggregate Function Descriptions
      • GROUP BY Modifiers
      • MySQL Handling of GROUP BY
      • Detection of Functional Dependence
    • Miscellaneous Functions
    • Precision Math
      • Types of Numeric Values
      • DECIMAL Data Type Characteristics
      • Expression Handling
      • Rounding Behavior
      • Precision Math Examples
  • SQL Statements
    • Data Definition Statements
      • ALTER DATABASE Statement
      • ALTER EVENT Statement
      • ALTER FUNCTION Statement
      • ALTER INSTANCE Statement
      • ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Statement
      • ALTER PROCEDURE Statement
      • ALTER SERVER Statement
      • ALTER TABLE Statement
        • ALTER TABLE Partition Operations
        • ALTER TABLE and Generated Columns
        • ALTER TABLE Examples
      • ALTER TABLESPACE Statement
      • ALTER VIEW Statement
      • CREATE DATABASE Statement
      • CREATE EVENT Statement
      • CREATE FUNCTION Statement
      • CREATE INDEX Statement
      • CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Statement
      • CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Statements
      • CREATE SERVER Statement
      • CREATE TABLE Statement
        • Files Created by CREATE TABLE
        • CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Statement
        • CREATE TABLE ... LIKE Statement
        • CREATE TABLE ... SELECT Statement
        • FOREIGN KEY Constraints
        • Silent Column Specification Changes
        • CREATE TABLE and Generated Columns
        • Secondary Indexes and Generated Columns
        • Setting NDB_TABLE Options
      • CREATE TABLESPACE Statement
      • CREATE TRIGGER Statement
      • CREATE VIEW Statement
      • DROP DATABASE Statement
      • DROP EVENT Statement
      • DROP FUNCTION Statement
      • DROP INDEX Statement
      • DROP LOGFILE GROUP Statement
      • DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Statements
      • DROP SERVER Statement
      • DROP TABLE Statement
      • DROP TABLESPACE Statement
      • DROP TRIGGER Statement
      • DROP VIEW Statement
      • RENAME TABLE Statement
      • TRUNCATE TABLE Statement
    • Data Manipulation Statements
      • CALL Statement
      • DELETE Statement
      • DO Statement
      • HANDLER Statement
      • INSERT Statement
        • INSERT ... SELECT Statement
        • INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Statement
        • INSERT DELAYED Statement
      • LOAD DATA Statement
      • LOAD XML Statement
      • REPLACE Statement
      • SELECT Statement
        • SELECT ... INTO Statement
        • JOIN Clause
        • UNION Clause
      • Subqueries
        • The Subquery as Scalar Operand
        • Comparisons Using Subqueries
        • Subqueries with ANY, IN, or SOME
        • Subqueries with ALL
        • Row Subqueries
        • Subqueries with EXISTS or NOT EXISTS
        • Correlated Subqueries
        • Derived Tables
        • Subquery Errors
        • Optimizing Subqueries
        • Rewriting Subqueries as Joins
        • Restrictions on Subqueries
      • UPDATE Statement
    • Transactional and Locking Statements
      • START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Statements
      • Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
      • Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
      • SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Statements
      • LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Statements
      • SET TRANSACTION Statement
      • XA Transactions
        • XA Transaction SQL Statements
        • XA Transaction States
        • Restrictions on XA Transactions
    • Replication Statements
      • SQL Statements for Controlling Replication Source Servers
        • PURGE BINARY LOGS Statement
        • RESET MASTER Statement
        • SET sql_log_bin Statement
      • SQL Statements for Controlling Replica Servers
        • CHANGE MASTER TO Statement
        • CHANGE REPLICATION FILTER Statement
        • MASTER_POS_WAIT() Statement
        • RESET SLAVE Statement
        • START SLAVE Statement
        • STOP SLAVE Statement
      • SQL Statements for Controlling Group Replication
        • START GROUP_REPLICATION Statement
        • STOP GROUP_REPLICATION Statement
    • Prepared Statements
      • PREPARE Statement
      • EXECUTE Statement
      • DEALLOCATE PREPARE Statement
    • Compound Statements
      • BEGIN ... END Compound Statement
      • Statement Labels
      • DECLARE Statement
      • Variables in Stored Programs
        • Local Variable DECLARE Statement
        • Local Variable Scope and Resolution
      • Flow Control Statements
        • CASE Statement
        • IF Statement
        • ITERATE Statement
        • LEAVE Statement
        • LOOP Statement
        • REPEAT Statement
        • RETURN Statement
        • WHILE Statement
      • Cursors
        • Cursor CLOSE Statement
        • Cursor DECLARE Statement
        • Cursor FETCH Statement
        • Cursor OPEN Statement
        • Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors
      • Condition Handling
        • DECLARE ... CONDITION Statement
        • DECLARE ... HANDLER Statement
        • GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement
        • RESIGNAL Statement
        • SIGNAL Statement
        • Scope Rules for Handlers
        • The MySQL Diagnostics Area
        • Condition Handling and OUT or INOUT Parameters
        • Restrictions on Condition Handling
    • Database Administration Statements
      • Account Management Statements
        • ALTER USER Statement
        • CREATE USER Statement
        • DROP USER Statement
        • GRANT Statement
        • RENAME USER Statement
        • REVOKE Statement
        • SET PASSWORD Statement
      • Table Maintenance Statements
        • ANALYZE TABLE Statement
        • CHECK TABLE Statement
        • CHECKSUM TABLE Statement
        • OPTIMIZE TABLE Statement
        • REPAIR TABLE Statement
      • Plugin and User-Defined Function Statements
        • CREATE FUNCTION Syntax for User-Defined Functions
        • DROP FUNCTION Statement
        • INSTALL PLUGIN Statement
        • UNINSTALL PLUGIN Statement
      • SET Statements
        • SET Syntax for Variable Assignment
        • SET CHARACTER SET Statement
        • SET NAMES Statement
      • SHOW Statements
        • SHOW BINARY LOGS Statement
        • SHOW BINLOG EVENTS Statement
        • SHOW CHARACTER SET Statement
        • SHOW COLLATION Statement
        • SHOW COLUMNS Statement
        • SHOW CREATE DATABASE Statement
        • SHOW CREATE EVENT Statement
        • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION Statement
        • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE Statement
        • SHOW CREATE TABLE Statement
        • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER Statement
        • SHOW CREATE USER Statement
        • SHOW CREATE VIEW Statement
        • SHOW DATABASES Statement
        • SHOW ENGINE Statement
        • SHOW ENGINES Statement
        • SHOW ERRORS Statement
        • SHOW EVENTS Statement
        • SHOW FUNCTION CODE Statement
        • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS Statement
        • SHOW GRANTS Statement
        • SHOW INDEX Statement
        • SHOW MASTER STATUS Statement
        • SHOW OPEN TABLES Statement
        • SHOW PLUGINS Statement
        • SHOW PRIVILEGES Statement
        • SHOW PROCEDURE CODE Statement
        • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS Statement
        • SHOW PROCESSLIST Statement
        • SHOW PROFILE Statement
        • SHOW PROFILES Statement
        • SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS Statement
        • SHOW SLAVE HOSTS Statement
        • SHOW SLAVE STATUS Statement
        • SHOW STATUS Statement
        • SHOW TABLE STATUS Statement
        • SHOW TABLES Statement
        • SHOW TRIGGERS Statement
        • SHOW VARIABLES Statement
        • SHOW WARNINGS Statement
      • Other Administrative Statements
        • BINLOG Statement
        • CACHE INDEX Statement
        • FLUSH Statement
        • KILL Statement
        • LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE Statement
        • RESET Statement
        • SHUTDOWN Statement
    • Utility Statements
      • DESCRIBE Statement
      • EXPLAIN Statement
      • HELP Statement
      • USE Statement
  • The InnoDB Storage Engine
    • Introduction to InnoDB
      • Benefits of Using InnoDB Tables
      • Best Practices for InnoDB Tables
      • Verifying that InnoDB is the Default Storage Engine
      • Testing and Benchmarking with InnoDB
      • Turning Off InnoDB
    • InnoDB and the ACID Model
    • InnoDB Multi-Versioning
    • InnoDB Architecture
    • InnoDB In-Memory Structures
      • Buffer Pool
      • Change Buffer
      • Adaptive Hash Index
      • Log Buffer
    • InnoDB On-Disk Structures
      • Tables
        • Creating InnoDB Tables
        • Creating Tables Externally
        • Importing InnoDB Tables
        • Moving or Copying InnoDB Tables
        • Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB
        • AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB
      • Indexes
        • Clustered and Secondary Indexes
        • The Physical Structure of an InnoDB Index
        • Sorted Index Builds
        • InnoDB FULLTEXT Indexes
      • Tablespaces
        • The System Tablespace
        • File-Per-Table Tablespaces
        • General Tablespaces
        • Undo Tablespaces
        • The Temporary Tablespace
      • InnoDB Data Dictionary
      • Doublewrite Buffer
      • Redo Log
      • Undo Logs
    • InnoDB Locking and Transaction Model
      • InnoDB Locking
      • InnoDB Transaction Model
        • Transaction Isolation Levels
        • autocommit, Commit, and Rollback
        • Consistent Nonlocking Reads
        • Locking Reads
      • Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
      • Phantom Rows
      • Deadlocks in InnoDB
        • An InnoDB Deadlock Example
        • Deadlock Detection and Rollback
        • How to Minimize and Handle Deadlocks
    • InnoDB Configuration
      • InnoDB Startup Configuration
      • Configuring InnoDB for Read-Only Operation
      • InnoDB Buffer Pool Configuration
        • Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Size
        • Configuring Multiple Buffer Pool Instances
        • Making the Buffer Pool Scan Resistant
        • Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Prefetching (Read-Ahead)
        • Configuring Buffer Pool Flushing
        • Saving and Restoring the Buffer Pool State
      • Configuring the Memory Allocator for InnoDB
      • Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB
      • Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads
      • Using Asynchronous I/O on Linux
      • Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity
      • Configuring Spin Lock Polling
      • Purge Configuration
      • Configuring Optimizer Statistics for InnoDB
        • Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters
        • Configuring Non-Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters
        • Estimating ANALYZE TABLE Complexity for InnoDB Tables
      • Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages
    • InnoDB Table and Page Compression
      • InnoDB Table Compression
        • Overview of Table Compression
        • Creating Compressed Tables
        • Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables
        • Monitoring InnoDB Table Compression at Runtime
        • How Compression Works for InnoDB Tables
        • Compression for OLTP Workloads
        • SQL Compression Syntax Warnings and Errors
      • InnoDB Page Compression
    • InnoDB File-Format Management
      • Enabling File Formats
      • Verifying File Format Compatibility
        • Compatibility Check When InnoDB Is Started
        • Compatibility Check When a Table Is Opened
      • Identifying the File Format in Use
      • Modifying the File Format
    • InnoDB Row Formats
    • InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management
      • InnoDB Disk I/O
      • File Space Management
      • InnoDB Checkpoints
      • Defragmenting a Table
      • Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE
    • InnoDB and Online DDL
      • Online DDL Operations
      • Online DDL Performance and Concurrency
      • Online DDL Space Requirements
      • Simplifying DDL Statements with Online DDL
      • Online DDL Failure Conditions
      • Online DDL Limitations
    • InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption
    • InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables
    • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
      • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression
        • INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET
        • INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET
        • Using the Compression Information Schema Tables
      • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Information
        • Using InnoDB Transaction and Locking Information
        • InnoDB Lock and Lock-Wait Information
        • Persistence and Consistency of InnoDB Transaction and Locking Information
      • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables
      • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables
      • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables
      • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table
      • InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Temporary Table Info Table
      • Retrieving InnoDB Tablespace Metadata from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES
    • InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema
      • Monitoring ALTER TABLE Progress for InnoDB Tables Using Performance Schema
      • Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema
    • InnoDB Monitors
      • InnoDB Monitor Types
      • Enabling InnoDB Monitors
      • InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output
    • InnoDB Backup and Recovery
      • InnoDB Backup
      • InnoDB Recovery
    • InnoDB and MySQL Replication
    • InnoDB memcached Plugin
      • Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin
      • InnoDB memcached Architecture
      • Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin
      • Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
      • Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
        • Adapting an Existing MySQL Schema for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
        • Adapting a memcached Application for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
        • Tuning InnoDB memcached Plugin Performance
        • Controlling Transactional Behavior of the InnoDB memcached Plugin
        • Adapting DML Statements to memcached Operations
        • Performing DML and DDL Statements on the Underlying InnoDB Table
      • The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication
      • InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals
      • Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • InnoDB Troubleshooting
      • Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems
      • Forcing InnoDB Recovery
      • Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations
      • InnoDB Error Handling
    • InnoDB Limits
    • InnoDB Restrictions and Limitations
  • Alternative Storage Engines
    • Setting the Storage Engine
    • The MyISAM Storage Engine
      • MyISAM Startup Options
      • Space Needed for Keys
      • MyISAM Table Storage Formats
        • Static (Fixed-Length) Table Characteristics
        • Dynamic Table Characteristics
        • Compressed Table Characteristics
      • MyISAM Table Problems
        • Corrupted MyISAM Tables
        • Problems from Tables Not Being Closed Properly
    • The MEMORY Storage Engine
    • The CSV Storage Engine
      • Repairing and Checking CSV Tables
      • CSV Limitations
    • The ARCHIVE Storage Engine
    • The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine
    • The MERGE Storage Engine
      • MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages
      • MERGE Table Problems
    • The FEDERATED Storage Engine
      • FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview
      • How to Create FEDERATED Tables
        • Creating a FEDERATED Table Using CONNECTION
        • Creating a FEDERATED Table Using CREATE SERVER
      • FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips
      • FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources
    • The EXAMPLE Storage Engine
    • Other Storage Engines
    • Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture
      • Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture
      • The Common Database Server Layer
  • Replication
    • Configuring Replication
      • Binary Log File Position Based Replication Configuration Overview
      • Setting Up Binary Log File Position Based Replication
        • Setting the Replication Source Configuration
        • Creating a User for Replication
        • Obtaining the Replication Source's Binary Log Coordinates
        • Choosing a Method for Data Snapshots
        • Setting Up Replicas
        • Adding Replicas to a Replication Topology
      • Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers
        • GTID Format and Storage
        • GTID Life Cycle
        • GTID Auto-Positioning
        • Setting Up Replication Using GTIDs
        • Using GTIDs for Failover and Scaleout
        • Restrictions on Replication with GTIDs
        • Stored Function Examples to Manipulate GTIDs
      • Changing Replication Modes on Online Servers
        • Replication Mode Concepts
        • Enabling GTID Transactions Online
        • Disabling GTID Transactions Online
        • Verifying Replication of Anonymous Transactions
      • MySQL Multi-Source Replication
        • Configuring Multi-Source Replication
        • Provisioning a Multi-Source Replica for GTID-Based Replication
        • Adding GTID-Based Sources to a Multi-Source Replica
        • Adding a Binary Log Based Source to a Multi-Source Replica
        • Starting Multi-Source Replicas
        • Stopping Multi-Source Replicas
        • Resetting Multi-Source Replicas
        • Multi-Source Replication Monitoring
      • Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables
        • Replication and Binary Logging Option and Variable Reference
        • Replication Source Options and Variables
        • Replica Server Options and Variables
        • Binary Logging Options and Variables
        • Global Transaction ID System Variables
      • Common Replication Administration Tasks
        • Checking Replication Status
        • Pausing Replication on the Replica
        • Skipping Transactions
    • Replication Implementation
      • Replication Formats
        • Advantages and Disadvantages of Statement-Based and Row-Based Replication
        • Usage of Row-Based Logging and Replication
        • Determination of Safe and Unsafe Statements in Binary Logging
      • Replication Implementation Details
      • Replication Channels
        • Commands for Operations on a Single Channel
        • Compatibility with Previous Replication Statements
        • Startup Options and Replication Channels
        • Replication Channel Naming Conventions
      • Relay Log and Replication Metadata Repositories
        • The Relay Log
        • Replication Metadata Repositories
      • How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules
        • Evaluation of Database-Level Replication and Binary Logging Options
        • Evaluation of Table-Level Replication Options
        • Interactions Between Replication Filtering Options
    • Replication Solutions
      • Using Replication for Backups
        • Backing Up a Replica Using mysqldump
        • Backing Up Raw Data from a Replica
        • Backing Up a Source or Replica by Making It Read Only
      • Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replica
      • Using Replication with Different Source and Replica Storage Engines
      • Using Replication for Scale-Out
      • Replicating Different Databases to Different Replicas
      • Improving Replication Performance
      • Switching Sources During Failover
      • Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections
      • Semisynchronous Replication
        • Semisynchronous Replication Administrative Interface
        • Semisynchronous Replication Installation and Configuration
        • Semisynchronous Replication Monitoring
      • Delayed Replication
    • Replication Notes and Tips
      • Replication Features and Issues
        • Replication and AUTO_INCREMENT
        • Replication and BLACKHOLE Tables
        • Replication and Character Sets
        • Replication and CHECKSUM TABLE
        • Replication of CREATE ... IF NOT EXISTS Statements
        • Replication of CREATE TABLE ... SELECT Statements
        • Replication of CREATE SERVER, ALTER SERVER, and DROP SERVER
        • Replication of CURRENT_USER()
        • Replication of DROP ... IF EXISTS Statements
        • Replication with Differing Table Definitions on Source and Replica
        • Replication and DIRECTORY Table Options
        • Replication and Floating-Point Values
        • Replication and Fractional Seconds Support
        • Replication and FLUSH
        • Replication and System Functions
        • Replication of Invoked Features
        • Replication and LIMIT
        • Replication and LOAD DATA
        • Replication and max_allowed_packet
        • Replication and MEMORY Tables
        • Replication of the mysql System Database
        • Replication and the Query Optimizer
        • Replication and Partitioning
        • Replication and REPAIR TABLE
        • Replication and Reserved Words
        • Replication and Source or Replica Shutdowns
        • Replica Errors During Replication
        • Replication and Server SQL Mode
        • Replication and Temporary Tables
        • Replication Retries and Timeouts
        • Replication and Time Zones
        • Replication and Transaction Inconsistencies
        • Replication and Transactions
        • Replication and Triggers
        • Replication and TRUNCATE TABLE
        • Replication and User Name Length
        • Replication and Variables
        • Replication and Views
      • Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
      • Upgrading a Replication Setup
      • Troubleshooting Replication
      • How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems
  • Group Replication
    • Group Replication Background
      • Replication Technologies
        • Primary-Secondary Replication
        • Group Replication
      • Group Replication Use Cases
        • Examples of Use Case Scenarios
      • Group Replication Details
        • Group Membership
        • Failure Detection
        • Fault-tolerance
    • Getting Started
      • Deploying Group Replication in Single-Primary Mode
        • Deploying Instances for Group Replication
        • Configuring an Instance for Group Replication
        • User Credentials
        • Launching Group Replication
        • Bootstrapping the Group
        • Adding Instances to the Group
      • Deploying Group Replication Locally
    • Monitoring Group Replication
      • Group Replication Server States
      • The replication_group_members Table
      • The replication_group_member_stats Table
    • Group Replication Operations
      • Deploying in Multi-Primary or Single-Primary Mode
        • Single-Primary Mode
        • Multi-Primary Mode
        • Finding the Primary
      • Tuning Recovery
      • Network Partitioning
      • Using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Group Replication
    • Group Replication Security
      • Group Replication IP Address Allowlisting
      • Group Replication Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Support
      • Group Replication and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
    • Group Replication System Variables
    • Requirements and Limitations
      • Group Replication Requirements
      • Group Replication Limitations
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Group Replication Technical Details
      • Group Replication Plugin Architecture
      • The Group
      • Data Manipulation Statements
      • Data Definition Statements
      • Distributed Recovery
        • Distributed Recovery Basics
        • Recovering From a Point-in-time
        • View Changes
        • Usage Advice and Limitations of Distributed Recovery
      • Observability
      • Group Replication Performance
        • Fine Tuning the Group Communication Thread
        • Message Compression
        • Flow Control
  • MySQL Shell
  • Using MySQL as a Document Store
    • Key Concepts
    • Setting Up MySQL as a Document Store
      • Installing MySQL Shell
        • Installing MySQL Shell on Microsoft Windows
        • Installing MySQL Shell on Linux
        • Installing MySQL Shell on macOS
      • Starting MySQL Shell
    • Quick-Start Guide: MySQL for Visual Studio
    • X Plugin
      • Using Encrypted Connections with X Plugin
      • X Plugin Options and Variables
        • X Plugin Option and Variable Reference
        • X Plugin Options and System Variables
        • X Plugin Status Variables
      • Monitoring X Plugin
  • InnoDB Cluster
    • Introducing InnoDB Cluster
    • Creating an InnoDB Cluster
      • Deployment Scenarios
      • InnoDB Cluster Requirements
      • Methods of Installing
      • Sandbox Deployment of InnoDB Cluster
      • Production Deployment of InnoDB Cluster
      • Adopting a Group Replication Deployment
    • Using MySQL Router with InnoDB Cluster
    • Working with InnoDB Cluster
    • Known Limitations
  • MySQL NDB Cluster 7.5 and NDB Cluster 7.6
    • NDB Cluster Overview
      • NDB Cluster Core Concepts
      • NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions
      • NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements
      • What is New in NDB Cluster
        • What is New in NDB Cluster 7.5
        • What is New in NDB Cluster 7.6
      • NDB: Added, Deprecated, and Removed Options, Variables, and Parameters
        • Options, Variables, and Parameters Added, Deprecated or Removed in NDB 7.5
        • Options, Variables, and Parameters Added, Deprecated or Removed in NDB 7.6
      • MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster
        • Differences Between the NDB and InnoDB Storage Engines
        • NDB and InnoDB Workloads
        • NDB and InnoDB Feature Usage Summary
      • Known Limitations of NDB Cluster
        • Noncompliance with SQL Syntax in NDB Cluster
        • Limits and Differences of NDB Cluster from Standard MySQL Limits
        • Limits Relating to Transaction Handling in NDB Cluster
        • NDB Cluster Error Handling
        • Limits Associated with Database Objects in NDB Cluster
        • Unsupported or Missing Features in NDB Cluster
        • Limitations Relating to Performance in NDB Cluster
        • Issues Exclusive to NDB Cluster
        • Limitations Relating to NDB Cluster Disk Data Storage
        • Limitations Relating to Multiple NDB Cluster Nodes
    • NDB Cluster Installation
      • The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NDB 7.5)
        • NDB Cluster Auto-Installer Requirements
        • Using the NDB Cluster Auto-Installer
      • The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NDB 7.6)
        • NDB Cluster Auto-Installer Requirements
        • Using the NDB Cluster Auto-Installer
      • Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux
        • Installing an NDB Cluster Binary Release on Linux
        • Installing NDB Cluster from RPM
        • Installing NDB Cluster Using .deb Files
        • Building NDB Cluster from Source on Linux
      • Installing NDB Cluster on Windows
        • Installing NDB Cluster on Windows from a Binary Release
        • Compiling and Installing NDB Cluster from Source on Windows
        • Initial Startup of NDB Cluster on Windows
        • Installing NDB Cluster Processes as Windows Services
      • Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster
      • Initial Startup of NDB Cluster
      • NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data
      • Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster
      • Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster
        • Upgrading and Downgrading NDB 7.5
        • Upgrading and Downgrading NDB 7.6
    • Configuration of NDB Cluster
      • Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster
      • Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables
        • NDB Cluster Data Node Configuration Parameters
        • NDB Cluster Management Node Configuration Parameters
        • NDB Cluster SQL Node and API Node Configuration Parameters
        • Other NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters
        • NDB Cluster mysqld Option and Variable Reference
      • NDB Cluster Configuration Files
        • NDB Cluster Configuration: Basic Example
        • Recommended Starting Configuration for NDB Cluster
        • NDB Cluster Connection Strings
        • Defining Computers in an NDB Cluster
        • Defining an NDB Cluster Management Server
        • Defining NDB Cluster Data Nodes
        • Defining SQL and Other API Nodes in an NDB Cluster
        • Defining the System
        • MySQL Server Options and Variables for NDB Cluster
        • NDB Cluster TCP/IP Connections
        • NDB Cluster TCP/IP Connections Using Direct Connections
        • NDB Cluster Shared Memory Connections
        • Configuring NDB Cluster Send Buffer Parameters
      • Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster
    • NDB Cluster Programs
      • ndbd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon
      • ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables
      • ndbmtd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded)
      • ndb_mgmd — The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon
      • ndb_mgm — The NDB Cluster Management Client
      • ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster Tables
      • ndb_config — Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information
      • ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development
      • ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table
      • ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables
      • ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table
      • ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table
      • ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility
      • ndb_import — Import CSV Data Into NDB
      • ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility
      • ndb_move_data — NDB Data Copy Utility
      • ndb_perror — Obtain NDB Error Message Information
      • ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents
      • ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents
      • ndb_print_frag_file — Print NDB Fragment List File Contents
      • ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents
      • ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents
      • ndb_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log
      • ndb_restore — Restore an NDB Cluster Backup
        • Restoring to a different number of data nodes
      • ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table
      • ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables
      • ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for NDB Cluster
      • ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables
      • ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator
      • ndb_top — View CPU usage information for NDB threads
      • ndb_waiter — Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status
      • Options Common to NDB Cluster Programs — Options Common to NDB Cluster Programs
    • Management of NDB Cluster
      • Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client
      • NDB Cluster Log Messages
        • NDB Cluster: Messages in the Cluster Log
        • NDB Cluster Log Startup Messages
        • Event Buffer Reporting in the Cluster Log
        • NDB Cluster: NDB Transporter Errors
      • Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster
        • NDB Cluster Logging Management Commands
        • NDB Cluster Log Events
        • Using CLUSTERLOG STATISTICS in the NDB Cluster Management Client
      • Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases
      • Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster
      • NDB Cluster Single User Mode
      • Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online
        • Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online: General Issues
        • Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online: Basic procedure
        • Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online: Detailed Example
      • Online Backup of NDB Cluster
        • NDB Cluster Backup Concepts
        • Using The NDB Cluster Management Client to Create a Backup
        • Configuration for NDB Cluster Backups
        • NDB Cluster Backup Troubleshooting
      • MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster
      • NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables
        • NDB Cluster Disk Data Objects
        • Using Symbolic Links with Disk Data Objects
        • NDB Cluster Disk Data Storage Requirements
      • Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster
      • Distributed Privileges Using Shared Grant Tables
      • NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables
      • ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database
        • The ndbinfo arbitrator_validity_detail Table
        • The ndbinfo arbitrator_validity_summary Table
        • The ndbinfo blocks Table
        • The ndbinfo cluster_locks Table
        • The ndbinfo cluster_operations Table
        • The ndbinfo cluster_transactions Table
        • The ndbinfo config_nodes Table
        • The ndbinfo config_params Table
        • The ndbinfo config_values Table
        • The ndbinfo counters Table
        • The ndbinfo cpustat Table
        • The ndbinfo cpustat_50ms Table
        • The ndbinfo cpustat_1sec Table
        • The ndbinfo cpustat_20sec Table
        • The ndbinfo dict_obj_info Table
        • The ndbinfo dict_obj_types Table
        • The ndbinfo disk_write_speed_base Table
        • The ndbinfo disk_write_speed_aggregate Table
        • The ndbinfo disk_write_speed_aggregate_node Table
        • The ndbinfo diskpagebuffer Table
        • The ndbinfo error_messages Table
        • The ndbinfo locks_per_fragment Table
        • The ndbinfo logbuffers Table
        • The ndbinfo logspaces Table
        • The ndbinfo membership Table
        • The ndbinfo memoryusage Table
        • The ndbinfo memory_per_fragment Table
        • The ndbinfo nodes Table
        • The ndbinfo operations_per_fragment Table
        • The ndbinfo processes Table
        • The ndbinfo resources Table
        • The ndbinfo restart_info Table
        • The ndbinfo server_locks Table
        • The ndbinfo server_operations Table
        • The ndbinfo server_transactions Table
        • The ndbinfo table_distribution_status Table
        • The ndbinfo table_fragments Table
        • The ndbinfo table_info Table
        • The ndbinfo table_replicas Table
        • The ndbinfo tc_time_track_stats Table
        • The ndbinfo threadblocks Table
        • The ndbinfo threads Table
        • The ndbinfo threadstat Table
        • The ndbinfo transporters Table
      • INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for NDB Cluster
      • Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements
      • NDB Cluster Security Issues
        • NDB Cluster Security and Networking Issues
        • NDB Cluster and MySQL Privileges
        • NDB Cluster and MySQL Security Procedures
    • NDB Cluster Replication
      • NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols
      • General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication
      • Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication
      • NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables
      • Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication
      • Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel)
      • Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication
      • Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication
      • NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication
        • NDB Cluster Replication: Automating Synchronization of the Replica to the Source Binary Log
        • Point-In-Time Recovery Using NDB Cluster Replication
      • NDB Cluster Replication: Bidrectional and Circular Replication
      • NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution
    • NDB Cluster Release Notes
  • Partitioning
    • Overview of Partitioning in MySQL
    • Partitioning Types
      • RANGE Partitioning
      • LIST Partitioning
      • COLUMNS Partitioning
        • RANGE COLUMNS partitioning
        • LIST COLUMNS partitioning
      • HASH Partitioning
        • LINEAR HASH Partitioning
      • KEY Partitioning
      • Subpartitioning
      • How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL
    • Partition Management
      • Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions
      • Management of HASH and KEY Partitions
      • Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables
      • Maintenance of Partitions
      • Obtaining Information About Partitions
    • Partition Pruning
    • Partition Selection
    • Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning
      • Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys
      • Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines
      • Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions
      • Partitioning and Locking
  • Stored Objects
    • Defining Stored Programs
    • Using Stored Routines
      • Stored Routine Syntax
      • Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges
      • Stored Routine Metadata
      • Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()
    • Using Triggers
      • Trigger Syntax and Examples
      • Trigger Metadata
    • Using the Event Scheduler
      • Event Scheduler Overview
      • Event Scheduler Configuration
      • Event Syntax
      • Event Metadata
      • Event Scheduler Status
      • The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges
    • Using Views
      • View Syntax
      • View Processing Algorithms
      • Updatable and Insertable Views
      • The View WITH CHECK OPTION Clause
      • View Metadata
    • Stored Object Access Control
    • Stored Program Binary Logging
    • Restrictions on Stored Programs
    • Restrictions on Views
  • INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
    • Introduction
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ndb_transid_mysql_connection_map Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table
    • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table
    • INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Tables
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table
    • INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Tables
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATE Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATS Table
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_STATE Table
    • INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Tables
      • The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS Table
    • Extensions to SHOW Statements
  • MySQL Performance Schema
    • Performance Schema Quick Start
    • Performance Schema Build Configuration
    • Performance Schema Startup Configuration
    • Performance Schema Runtime Configuration
      • Performance Schema Event Timing
      • Performance Schema Event Filtering
      • Event Pre-Filtering
      • Pre-Filtering by Instrument
      • Pre-Filtering by Object
      • Pre-Filtering by Thread
      • Pre-Filtering by Consumer
      • Example Consumer Configurations
      • Naming Instruments or Consumers for Filtering Operations
      • Determining What Is Instrumented
    • Performance Schema Queries
    • Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions
    • Performance Schema Status Monitoring
    • Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events
    • Performance Schema Tables for Current and Historical Events
    • Performance Schema Statement Digests
    • Performance Schema General Table Characteristics
    • Performance Schema Table Descriptions
      • Performance Schema Table Index
      • Performance Schema Setup Tables
        • The setup_actors Table
        • The setup_consumers Table
        • The setup_instruments Table
        • The setup_objects Table
        • The setup_timers Table
      • Performance Schema Instance Tables
        • The cond_instances Table
        • The file_instances Table
        • The mutex_instances Table
        • The rwlock_instances Table
        • The socket_instances Table
      • Performance Schema Wait Event Tables
        • The events_waits_current Table
        • The events_waits_history Table
        • The events_waits_history_long Table
      • Performance Schema Stage Event Tables
        • The events_stages_current Table
        • The events_stages_history Table
        • The events_stages_history_long Table
      • Performance Schema Statement Event Tables
        • The events_statements_current Table
        • The events_statements_history Table
        • The events_statements_history_long Table
        • The prepared_statements_instances Table
      • Performance Schema Transaction Tables
        • The events_transactions_current Table
        • The events_transactions_history Table
        • The events_transactions_history_long Table
      • Performance Schema Connection Tables
        • The accounts Table
        • The hosts Table
        • The users Table
      • Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables
        • The session_account_connect_attrs Table
        • The session_connect_attrs Table
      • Performance Schema User-Defined Variable Tables
      • Performance Schema Replication Tables
        • The replication_connection_configuration Table
        • The replication_connection_status Table
        • The replication_applier_configuration Table
        • The replication_applier_status Table
        • The replication_applier_status_by_coordinator Table
        • The replication_applier_status_by_worker Table
        • The replication_group_members Table
        • The replication_group_member_stats Table
      • Performance Schema Lock Tables
        • The metadata_locks Table
        • The table_handles Table
      • Performance Schema System Variable Tables
      • Performance Schema Status Variable Tables
      • Performance Schema Summary Tables
        • Wait Event Summary Tables
        • Stage Summary Tables
        • Statement Summary Tables
        • Transaction Summary Tables
        • Object Wait Summary Table
        • File I/O Summary Tables
        • Table I/O and Lock Wait Summary Tables
        • Socket Summary Tables
        • Memory Summary Tables
        • Status Variable Summary Tables
      • Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables
        • The host_cache Table
        • The performance_timers Table
        • The threads Table
    • Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference
    • Performance Schema Command Options
    • Performance Schema System Variables
    • Performance Schema Status Variables
    • The Performance Schema Memory-Allocation Model
    • Performance Schema and Plugins
    • Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems
      • Query Profiling Using Performance Schema
    • Migrating to Performance Schema System and Status Variable Tables
    • Restrictions on Performance Schema
  • MySQL sys Schema
    • Prerequisites for Using the sys Schema
    • Using the sys Schema
    • sys Schema Progress Reporting
    • sys Schema Object Reference
      • sys Schema Object Index
      • sys Schema Tables and Triggers
        • The sys_config Table
        • The sys_config_insert_set_user Trigger
        • The sys_config_update_set_user Trigger
      • sys Schema Views
        • The host_summary and x$host_summary Views
        • The host_summary_by_file_io and x$host_summary_by_file_io Views
        • The host_summary_by_file_io_type and x$host_summary_by_file_io_type Views
        • The host_summary_by_stages and x$host_summary_by_stages Views
        • The host_summary_by_statement_latency and x$host_summary_by_statement_latency Views
        • The host_summary_by_statement_type and x$host_summary_by_statement_type Views
        • The innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema Views
        • The innodb_buffer_stats_by_table and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table Views
        • The innodb_lock_waits and x$innodb_lock_waits Views
        • The io_by_thread_by_latency and x$io_by_thread_by_latency Views
        • The io_global_by_file_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes Views
        • The io_global_by_file_by_latency and x$io_global_by_file_by_latency Views
        • The io_global_by_wait_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes Views
        • The io_global_by_wait_by_latency and x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency Views
        • The latest_file_io and x$latest_file_io Views
        • The memory_by_host_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes Views
        • The memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes Views
        • The memory_by_user_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_user_by_current_bytes Views
        • The memory_global_by_current_bytes and x$memory_global_by_current_bytes Views
        • The memory_global_total and x$memory_global_total Views
        • The metrics View
        • The processlist and x$processlist Views
        • The ps_check_lost_instrumentation View
        • The schema_auto_increment_columns View
        • The schema_index_statistics and x$schema_index_statistics Views
        • The schema_object_overview View
        • The schema_redundant_indexes and x$schema_flattened_keys Views
        • The schema_table_lock_waits and x$schema_table_lock_waits Views
        • The schema_table_statistics and x$schema_table_statistics Views
        • The schema_table_statistics_with_buffer and x$schema_table_statistics_with_buffer Views
        • The schema_tables_with_full_table_scans and x$schema_tables_with_full_table_scans Views
        • The schema_unused_indexes View
        • The session and x$session Views
        • The session_ssl_status View
        • The statement_analysis and x$statement_analysis Views
        • The statements_with_errors_or_warnings and x$statements_with_errors_or_warnings Views
        • The statements_with_full_table_scans and x$statements_with_full_table_scans Views
        • The statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile and x$statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile Views
        • The statements_with_sorting and x$statements_with_sorting Views
        • The statements_with_temp_tables and x$statements_with_temp_tables Views
        • The user_summary and x$user_summary Views
        • The user_summary_by_file_io and x$user_summary_by_file_io Views
        • The user_summary_by_file_io_type and x$user_summary_by_file_io_type Views
        • The user_summary_by_stages and x$user_summary_by_stages Views
        • The user_summary_by_statement_latency and x$user_summary_by_statement_latency Views
        • The user_summary_by_statement_type and x$user_summary_by_statement_type Views
        • The version View
        • The wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency and x$wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency Views
        • The wait_classes_global_by_latency and x$wait_classes_global_by_latency Views
        • The waits_by_host_by_latency and x$waits_by_host_by_latency Views
        • The waits_by_user_by_latency and x$waits_by_user_by_latency Views
        • The waits_global_by_latency and x$waits_global_by_latency Views
      • sys Schema Stored Procedures
        • The create_synonym_db() Procedure
        • The diagnostics() Procedure
        • The execute_prepared_stmt() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_disable_background_threads() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_disable_consumer() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_disable_instrument() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_disable_thread() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_enable_background_threads() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_enable_consumer() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_enable_instrument() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_enable_thread() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_reload_saved() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_reset_to_default() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_save() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_show_disabled() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_show_disabled_consumers() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_show_disabled_instruments() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_show_enabled() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_show_enabled_consumers() Procedure
        • The ps_setup_show_enabled_instruments() Procedure
        • The ps_statement_avg_latency_histogram() Procedure
        • The ps_trace_statement_digest() Procedure
        • The ps_trace_thread() Procedure
        • The ps_truncate_all_tables() Procedure
        • The statement_performance_analyzer() Procedure
        • The table_exists() Procedure
      • sys Schema Stored Functions
        • The extract_schema_from_file_name() Function
        • The extract_table_from_file_name() Function
        • The format_bytes() Function
        • The format_path() Function
        • The format_statement() Function
        • The format_time() Function
        • The list_add() Function
        • The list_drop() Function
        • The ps_is_account_enabled() Function
        • The ps_is_consumer_enabled() Function
        • The ps_is_instrument_default_enabled() Function
        • The ps_is_instrument_default_timed() Function
        • The ps_is_thread_instrumented() Function
        • The ps_thread_account() Function
        • The ps_thread_id() Function
        • The ps_thread_stack() Function
        • The ps_thread_trx_info() Function
        • The quote_identifier() Function
        • The sys_get_config() Function
        • The version_major() Function
        • The version_minor() Function
        • The version_patch() Function
  • Connectors and APIs
    • MySQL Connector/C++
    • MySQL Connector/J
    • MySQL Connector/NET
    • MySQL Connector/ODBC
    • MySQL Connector/Python
    • libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
      • Compiling Programs with libmysqld
      • Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server
      • Options with the Embedded Server
      • Embedded Server Examples
    • MySQL C API
    • MySQL PHP API
    • MySQL Perl API
    • MySQL Python API
    • MySQL Ruby APIs
      • The MySQL/Ruby API
      • The Ruby/MySQL API
    • MySQL Tcl API
    • MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
  • Extending MySQL
    • MySQL Internals
      • MySQL Threads
      • The MySQL Test Suite
    • The MySQL Plugin API
      • Types of Plugins
      • Plugin API Characteristics
      • Plugin API Components
      • Writing Plugins
        • Overview of Plugin Writing
        • Plugin Data Structures
        • Compiling and Installing Plugin Libraries
        • Writing Full-Text Parser Plugins
        • Writing Daemon Plugins
        • Writing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Plugins
        • Writing Semisynchronous Replication Plugins
        • Writing Audit Plugins
        • Writing Authentication Plugins
        • Writing Password-Validation Plugins
        • Writing Protocol Trace Plugins
        • Writing Keyring Plugins
    • MySQL Services for Plugins
      • The Locking Service
        • The Locking Service C Interface
        • The Locking Service UDF Interface
      • The Keyring Service
    • Adding Functions to MySQL
      • Features of the User-Defined Function Interface
      • Adding a User-Defined Function
      • Adding a Native Function
    • Debugging and Porting MySQL
      • Debugging a MySQL Server
        • Compiling MySQL for Debugging
        • Creating Trace Files
        • Using WER with PDB to create a Windows crashdump
        • Debugging mysqld under gdb
        • Using a Stack Trace
        • Using Server Logs to Find Causes of Errors in mysqld
        • Making a Test Case If You Experience Table Corruption
      • Debugging a MySQL Client
      • The DBUG Package
  • MySQL Enterprise Edition
    • MySQL Enterprise Monitor Overview
    • MySQL Enterprise Backup Overview
    • MySQL Enterprise Security Overview
    • MySQL Enterprise Encryption Overview
    • MySQL Enterprise Audit Overview
    • MySQL Enterprise Firewall Overview
    • MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool Overview
    • MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Overview
  • MySQL Workbench
  • MySQL 5.7 Frequently Asked Questions
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: General
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Storage Engines
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Server SQL Mode
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Triggers
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Views
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Migration
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Security
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: NDB Cluster
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Connectors & APIs
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: C API, libmysql
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Replication
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: InnoDB Change Buffer
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption
    • MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Virtualization Support
  • Error Messages and Common Problems
    • Error Message Sources and Components
    • Error Information Interfaces
    • Problems and Common Errors
      • How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
      • Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
        • Access denied
        • Can't connect to [local] MySQL server
        • Lost connection to MySQL server
        • Password Fails When Entered Interactively
        • Host 'host_name' is blocked
        • Too many connections
        • Out of memory
        • MySQL server has gone away
        • Packet Too Large
        • Communication Errors and Aborted Connections
        • The table is full
        • Can't create/write to file
        • Commands out of sync
        • Ignoring user
        • Table 'tbl_name' doesn't exist
        • Can't initialize character set
        • File Not Found and Similar Errors
        • Table-Corruption Issues
      • Administration-Related Issues
        • Problems with File Permissions
        • How to Reset the Root Password
        • What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing
        • How MySQL Handles a Full Disk
        • Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files
        • How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File
        • Time Zone Problems
      • Query-Related Issues
        • Case Sensitivity in String Searches
        • Problems Using DATE Columns
        • Problems with NULL Values
        • Problems with Column Aliases
        • Rollback Failure for Nontransactional Tables
        • Deleting Rows from Related Tables
        • Solving Problems with No Matching Rows
        • Problems with Floating-Point Values
      • Optimizer-Related Issues
      • Table Definition-Related Issues
        • Problems with ALTER TABLE
        • TEMPORARY Table Problems
      • Known Issues in MySQL
  • Indexes
    • General Index
    • Function Index
    • Command Index
    • Function Index
    • INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index
    • Join Types Index
    • Operator Index
    • Option Index
    • Privileges Index
    • Modes Index
    • Statement/Syntax Index
    • Status Variable Index
    • System Variable Index
    • Transaction Isolation Level Index
  • MySQL Glossary
Home API Docs Tools
Home
API Docs
Tools

4.6 Administrative and Utility Programs

4.6.1 innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility
4.6.2 myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
4.6.3 myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
4.6.4 myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
4.6.5 myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
4.6.6 mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility
4.6.7 mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
4.6.8 mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files

This section describes administrative programs and programs that perform miscellaneous utility operations.


Name MySql
Version
Language
Badge
Last Updated 2021-07-03T12:24:35
扫码关注公众号

Docs4dev®

如果你在使用过程中遇到任何问题,可以在 这里 提issue。

蜀ICP备14021783号-6

Copyright © Docs4dev all right reserved, powered by Docs4dev