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Common Object Structures
There are a large number of structures which are used in the definition of object types for Python. This section describes these structures and how they are used.
All Python objects ultimately share a small number of fields at the beginning of the object’s representation in memory. These are represented by the PyObject
and PyVarObject
types, which are defined, in turn, by the expansions of some macros also used, whether directly or indirectly, in the definition of all other Python objects.
PyObject
-
All object types are extensions of this type. This is a type which contains the information Python needs to treat a pointer to an object as an object. In a normal “release” build, it contains only the object’s reference count and a pointer to the corresponding type object. It corresponds to the fields defined by the expansion of the
PyObject_HEAD
macro.
PyVarObject
-
This is an extension of
PyObject
that adds theob_size
field. This is only used for objects that have some notion of length. This type does not often appear in the Python/C API. It corresponds to the fields defined by the expansion of thePyObject_VAR_HEAD
macro.
These macros are used in the definition of PyObject
and PyVarObject
:
PyObject_HEAD
-
This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
PyObject
type; it is used when declaring new types which represent objects without a varying length. The specific fields it expands to depend on the definition ofPy_TRACE_REFS
. By default, that macro is not defined, andPyObject_HEAD
expands to:Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt; PyTypeObject *ob_type;
When
Py_TRACE_REFS
is defined, it expands to:PyObject *_ob_next, *_ob_prev; Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt; PyTypeObject *ob_type;
PyObject_VAR_HEAD
-
This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
PyVarObject
type; it is used when declaring new types which represent objects with a length that varies from instance to instance. This macro always expands to:PyObject_HEAD Py_ssize_t ob_size;
Note that
PyObject_HEAD
is part of the expansion, and that its own expansion varies depending on the definition ofPy_TRACE_REFS
.
Py_TYPE
(o )-
This macro is used to access the
ob_type
member of a Python object. It expands to:(((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
New in version 2.6.
Py_REFCNT
(o )-
This macro is used to access the
ob_refcnt
member of a Python object. It expands to:(((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
New in version 2.6.
Py_SIZE
(o )-
This macro is used to access the
ob_size
member of a Python object. It expands to:(((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)
New in version 2.6.
PyObject_HEAD_INIT
(type )-
This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
PyObject
type. This macro expands to:_PyObject_EXTRA_INIT 1, type,
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT
(type, size )-
This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
PyVarObject
type, including theob_size
field. This macro expands to:_PyObject_EXTRA_INIT 1, type, size,
PyCFunction
-
Type of the functions used to implement most Python callables in C. Functions of this type take two
PyObject*
parameters and return one such value. If the return value is NULL, an exception shall have been set. If not NULL, the return value is interpreted as the return value of the function as exposed in Python. The function must return a new reference.
PyMethodDef
-
Structure used to describe a method of an extension type. This structure has four fields:
Field
C Type
Meaning
ml_name
char *
name of the method
ml_meth
PyCFunction
pointer to the C implementation
ml_flags
int
flag bits indicating how the call should be constructed
ml_doc
char *
points to the contents of the docstring
The ml_meth
is a C function pointer. The functions may be of different types, but they always return PyObject*
. If the function is not of the PyCFunction
, the compiler will require a cast in the method table. Even though PyCFunction
defines the first parameter as PyObject*
, it is common that the method implementation uses the specific C type of the self object.
The ml_flags
field is a bitfield which can include the following flags. The individual flags indicate either a calling convention or a binding convention. Of the calling convention flags, only METH_VARARGS
and METH_KEYWORDS
can be combined. Any of the calling convention flags can be combined with a binding flag.
METH_VARARGS
-
This is the typical calling convention, where the methods have the type
PyCFunction
. The function expects twoPyObject*
values. The first one is the self object for methods; for module functions, it is the module object. The second parameter (often called args) is a tuple object representing all arguments. This parameter is typically processed usingPyArg_ParseTuple()
orPyArg_UnpackTuple()
.
METH_KEYWORDS
-
Methods with these flags must be of type
PyCFunctionWithKeywords
. The function expects three parameters: self, args, and a dictionary of all the keyword arguments. The flag is typically combined withMETH_VARARGS
, and the parameters are typically processed usingPyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()
.
METH_NOARGS
-
Methods without parameters don’t need to check whether arguments are given if they are listed with the
METH_NOARGS
flag. They need to be of typePyCFunction
. The first parameter is typically namedself
and will hold a reference to the module or object instance. In all cases the second parameter will be NULL.
METH_O
-
Methods with a single object argument can be listed with the
METH_O
flag, instead of invokingPyArg_ParseTuple()
with a"O"
argument. They have the typePyCFunction
, with the self parameter, and aPyObject*
parameter representing the single argument.
METH_OLDARGS
-
This calling convention is deprecated. The method must be of type
PyCFunction
. The second argument is NULL if no arguments are given, a single object if exactly one argument is given, and a tuple of objects if more than one argument is given. There is no way for a function using this convention to distinguish between a call with multiple arguments and a call with a tuple as the only argument.
These two constants are not used to indicate the calling convention but the binding when use with methods of classes. These may not be used for functions defined for modules. At most one of these flags may be set for any given method.
METH_CLASS
-
The method will be passed the type object as the first parameter rather than an instance of the type. This is used to create class methods, similar to what is created when using the
classmethod()
built-in function.New in version 2.3.
METH_STATIC
-
The method will be passed NULL as the first parameter rather than an instance of the type. This is used to create static methods, similar to what is created when using the
staticmethod()
built-in function.New in version 2.3.
One other constant controls whether a method is loaded in place of another definition with the same method name.
METH_COEXIST
-
The method will be loaded in place of existing definitions. Without METH_COEXIST, the default is to skip repeated definitions. Since slot wrappers are loaded before the method table, the existence of a sq_contains slot, for example, would generate a wrapped method named
__contains__()
and preclude the loading of a corresponding PyCFunction with the same name. With the flag defined, the PyCFunction will be loaded in place of the wrapper object and will co-exist with the slot. This is helpful because calls to PyCFunctions are optimized more than wrapper object calls.New in version 2.4.
PyMemberDef
-
Structure which describes an attribute of a type which corresponds to a C struct member. Its fields are:
Field
C Type
Meaning
name
char *
name of the member
type
int
the type of the member in the C struct
offset
Py_ssize_t
the offset in bytes that the member is located on the type’s object struct
flags
int
flag bits indicating if the field should be read-only or writable
doc
char *
points to the contents of the docstring
type
can be one of manyT_
macros corresponding to various C types. When the member is accessed in Python, it will be converted to the equivalent Python type.Macro name
C type
T_SHORT
short
T_INT
int
T_LONG
long
T_FLOAT
float
T_DOUBLE
double
T_STRING
char *
T_OBJECT
PyObject *
T_OBJECT_EX
PyObject *
T_CHAR
char
T_BYTE
char
T_UBYTE
unsigned char
T_UINT
unsigned int
T_USHORT
unsigned short
T_ULONG
unsigned long
T_BOOL
char
T_LONGLONG
long long
T_ULONGLONG
unsigned long long
T_PYSSIZET
Py_ssize_t
T_OBJECT
andT_OBJECT_EX
differ in thatT_OBJECT
returnsNone
if the member is NULL andT_OBJECT_EX
raises anAttributeError
. Try to useT_OBJECT_EX
overT_OBJECT
becauseT_OBJECT_EX
handles use of thedel
statement on that attribute more correctly thanT_OBJECT
.flags
can be0
for write and read access orREADONLY
for read-only access. UsingT_STRING
fortype
impliesREADONLY
. OnlyT_OBJECT
andT_OBJECT_EX
members can be deleted. (They are set to NULL).
PyGetSetDef
-
Structure to define property-like access for a type. See also description of the
PyTypeObject.tp_getset
slot.Field
C Type
Meaning
name
char *
attribute name
get
getter
C Function to get the attribute
set
setter
optional C function to set or delete the attribute, if omitted the attribute is readonly
doc
char *
optional docstring
closure
void *
optional function pointer, providing additional data for getter and setter
The
get
function takes onePyObject*
parameter (the instance) and a function pointer (the associatedclosure
):typedef PyObject *(*getter)(PyObject *, void *);
It should return a new reference on success or NULL with a set exception on failure.
set
functions take twoPyObject*
parameters (the instance and the value to be set) and a function pointer (the associatedclosure
):typedef int (*setter)(PyObject *, PyObject *, void *);
In case the attribute should be deleted the second parameter is NULL. Should return
0
on success or-1
with a set exception on failure.
- PyObject*
Py_FindMethod
( PyMethodDef table[], PyObject *ob, char *name ) - Return value: New reference.
Return a bound method object for an extension type implemented in C. This can be useful in the implementation of a
tp_getattro
ortp_getattr
handler that does not use thePyObject_GenericGetAttr()
function.