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shutil — High-level file operations
Source code: Lib/shutil.py
The shutil
module offers a number of high-level operations on files and collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the os
module.
Warning
Even the higher-level file copying functions (shutil.copy()
, shutil.copy2()
) cannot copy all file metadata.
On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used. This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams are not copied.
Directory and files operations
shutil.
copyfileobj
( fsrc, fdst [, length ] )-
Copy the contents of the file-like object fsrc to the file-like object fdst. The integer length, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative length value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory consumption. Note that if the current file position of the fsrc object is not 0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will be copied.
shutil.
copyfile
( src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True )-
Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named src to a file named dst and return dst in the most efficient way possible. src and dst are path-like objects or path names given as strings.
dst must be the complete target file name; look at
copy()
for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If src and dst specify the same file,SameFileError
is raised.The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an
OSError
exception will be raised. If dst already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function.If follow_symlinks is false and src is a symbolic link, a new symbolic link will be created instead of copying the file src points to.
Raises an auditing event
shutil.copyfile
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Changed in version 3.3:
IOError
used to be raised instead ofOSError
. Added follow_symlinks argument. Now returns dst.Changed in version 3.4: Raise
SameFileError
instead ofError
. Since the former is a subclass of the latter, this change is backward compatible.Changed in version 3.8: Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See Platform-dependent efficient copy operations section.
- exception
shutil.
SameFileError
-
This exception is raised if source and destination in
copyfile()
are the same file.New in version 3.4.
shutil.
copymode
( src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True )-
Copy the permission bits from src to dst. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path-like objects or path names given as strings. If follow_symlinks is false, and both src and dst are symbolic links,
copymode()
will attempt to modify the mode of dst itself (rather than the file it points to). This functionality is not available on every platform; please seecopystat()
for more information. Ifcopymode()
cannot modify symbolic links on the local platform, and it is asked to do so, it will do nothing and return.Raises an auditing event
shutil.copymode
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Changed in version 3.3: Added follow_symlinks argument.
shutil.
copystat
( src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True )-
Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from src to dst. On Linux,
copystat()
also copies the “extended attributes” where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path-like objects or path names given as strings.If follow_symlinks is false, and src and dst both refer to symbolic links,
copystat()
will operate on the symbolic links themselves rather than the files the symbolic links refer to—reading the information from the src symbolic link, and writing the information to the dst symbolic link.Note
Not all platforms provide the ability to examine and modify symbolic links. Python itself can tell you what functionality is locally available.
If
os.chmod in os.supports_follow_symlinks
isTrue
,copystat()
can modify the permission bits of a symbolic link.If
os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks
isTrue
,copystat()
can modify the last access and modification times of a symbolic link.If
os.chflags in os.supports_follow_symlinks
isTrue
,copystat()
can modify the flags of a symbolic link. (os.chflags
is not available on all platforms.)
On platforms where some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link,
copystat()
will copy everything it can.copystat()
never returns failure.Please see
os.supports_follow_symlinks
for more information.Raises an auditing event
shutil.copystat
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Changed in version 3.3: Added follow_symlinks argument and support for Linux extended attributes.
shutil.
copy
( src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True )-
Copies the file src to the file or directory dst. src and dst should be strings. If dst specifies a directory, the file will be copied into dst using the base filename from src. Returns the path to the newly created file.
If follow_symlinks is false, and src is a symbolic link, dst will be created as a symbolic link. If follow_symlinks is true and src is a symbolic link, dst will be a copy of the file src refers to.
copy()
copies the file data and the file’s permission mode (seeos.chmod()
). Other metadata, like the file’s creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preserve all file metadata from the original, usecopy2()
instead.Raises an auditing event
shutil.copyfile
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Raises an auditing event
shutil.copymode
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Changed in version 3.3: Added follow_symlinks argument. Now returns path to the newly created file.
Changed in version 3.8: Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See Platform-dependent efficient copy operations section.
shutil.
copy2
( src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True )-
Identical to
copy()
except thatcopy2()
also attempts to preserve file metadata.When follow_symlinks is false, and src is a symbolic link,
copy2()
attempts to copy all metadata from the src symbolic link to the newly-created dst symbolic link. However, this functionality is not available on all platforms. On platforms where some or all of this functionality is unavailable,copy2()
will preserve all the metadata it can;copy2()
never raises an exception because it cannot preserve file metadata.copy2()
usescopystat()
to copy the file metadata. Please seecopystat()
for more information about platform support for modifying symbolic link metadata.Raises an auditing event
shutil.copyfile
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Raises an auditing event
shutil.copystat
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Changed in version 3.3: Added follow_symlinks argument, try to copy extended file system attributes too (currently Linux only). Now returns path to the newly created file.
Changed in version 3.8: Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See Platform-dependent efficient copy operations section.
shutil.
ignore_patterns
( *patterns )-
This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for
copytree()
’s ignore argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style patterns provided. See the example below.
shutil.
copytree
( src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, dirs_exist_ok=False )-
Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at src to a directory named dst and return the destination directory. dirs_exist_ok dictates whether to raise an exception in case dst or any missing parent directory already exists.
Permissions and times of directories are copied with
copystat()
, individual files are copied usingcopy2()
.If symlinks is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree and the metadata of the original links will be copied as far as the platform allows; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree.
When symlinks is false, if the file pointed by the symlink doesn’t exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in an
Error
exception at the end of the copy process. You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you want to silence this exception. Notice that this option has no effect on platforms that don’t supportos.symlink()
.If ignore is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its arguments the directory being visited by
copytree()
, and a list of its contents, as returned byos.listdir()
. Sincecopytree()
is called recursively, the ignore callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy process.ignore_patterns()
can be used to create such a callable that ignores names based on glob-style patterns.If exception(s) occur, an
Error
is raised with a list of reasons.If copy_function is given, it must be a callable that will be used to copy each file. It will be called with the source path and the destination path as arguments. By default,
copy2()
is used, but any function that supports the same signature (likecopy()
) can be used.Raises an auditing event
shutil.copytree
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Changed in version 3.3: Copy metadata when symlinks is false. Now returns dst.
Changed in version 3.2: Added the copy_function argument to be able to provide a custom copy function. Added the ignore_dangling_symlinks argument to silent dangling symlinks errors when symlinks is false.
Changed in version 3.8: Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See Platform-dependent efficient copy operations section.
New in version 3.8: The dirs_exist_ok parameter.
shutil.
rmtree
( path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None )-
Delete an entire directory tree; path must point to a directory (but not a symbolic link to a directory). If ignore_errors is true, errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by onerror or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.
Note
On platforms that support the necessary fd-based functions a symlink attack resistant version of
rmtree()
is used by default. On other platforms, thermtree()
implementation is susceptible to a symlink attack: given proper timing and circumstances, attackers can manipulate symlinks on the filesystem to delete files they wouldn’t be able to access otherwise. Applications can use thermtree.avoids_symlink_attacks
function attribute to determine which case applies.If onerror is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three parameters: function, path, and excinfo.
The first parameter, function, is the function which raised the exception; it depends on the platform and implementation. The second parameter, path, will be the path name passed to function. The third parameter, excinfo, will be the exception information returned by
sys.exc_info()
. Exceptions raised by onerror will not be caught.Raises an auditing event
shutil.rmtree
with argumentpath
.Changed in version 3.3: Added a symlink attack resistant version that is used automatically if platform supports fd-based functions.
Changed in version 3.8: On Windows, will no longer delete the contents of a directory junction before removing the junction.
rmtree.
avoids_symlink_attacks
-
Indicates whether the current platform and implementation provides a symlink attack resistant version of
rmtree()
. Currently this is only true for platforms supporting fd-based directory access functions.New in version 3.3.
shutil.
move
( src, dst, copy_function=copy2 )-
Recursively move a file or directory (src) to another location (dst) and return the destination.
If the destination is an existing directory, then src is moved inside that directory. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on
os.rename()
semantics.If the destination is on the current filesystem, then
os.rename()
is used. Otherwise, src is copied to dst using copy_function and then removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink pointing to the target of src will be created in or as dst and src will be removed.If copy_function is given, it must be a callable that takes two arguments src and dst, and will be used to copy src to dest if
os.rename()
cannot be used. If the source is a directory,copytree()
is called, passing it thecopy_function()
. The default copy_function iscopy2()
. Usingcopy()
as the copy_function allows the move to succeed when it is not possible to also copy the metadata, at the expense of not copying any of the metadata.Raises an auditing event
shutil.move
with argumentssrc
,dst
.Changed in version 3.3: Added explicit symlink handling for foreign filesystems, thus adapting it to the behavior of GNU’s mv. Now returns dst.
Changed in version 3.5: Added the copy_function keyword argument.
Changed in version 3.8: Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See Platform-dependent efficient copy operations section.
shutil.
disk_usage
( path )-
Return disk usage statistics about the given path as a named tuple with the attributes total, used and free, which are the amount of total, used and free space, in bytes. path may be a file or a directory.
New in version 3.3.
Changed in version 3.8: On Windows, path can now be a file or directory.
Availability: Unix, Windows.
shutil.
chown
( path, user=None, group=None )-
Change owner user and/or group of the given path.
user can be a system user name or a uid; the same applies to group. At least one argument is required.
See also
os.chown()
, the underlying function.Raises an auditing event
shutil.chown
with argumentspath
,user
,group
.Availability: Unix.
New in version 3.3.
shutil.
which
( cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None )-
Return the path to an executable which would be run if the given cmd was called. If no cmd would be called, return
None
.mode is a permission mask passed to
os.access()
, by default determining if the file exists and executable.When no path is specified, the results of
os.environ()
are used, returning either the “PATH” value or a fallback ofos.defpath
.On Windows, the current directory is always prepended to the path whether or not you use the default or provide your own, which is the behavior the command shell uses when finding executables. Additionally, when finding the cmd in the path, the
PATHEXT
environment variable is checked. For example, if you callshutil.which("python")
,which()
will searchPATHEXT
to know that it should look forpython.exe
within the path directories. For example, on Windows:>>> shutil.which("python") 'C:\\Python33\\python.EXE'
New in version 3.3.
- exception
shutil.
Error
-
This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file operation. For
copytree()
, the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples (srcname, dstname, exception).
Platform-dependent efficient copy operations
Starting from Python 3.8 all functions involving a file copy (copyfile()
, copy()
, copy2()
, copytree()
, and move()
) may use platform-specific “fast-copy” syscalls in order to copy the file more efficiently (see bpo-33671 ). “fast-copy” means that the copying operation occurs within the kernel, avoiding the use of userspace buffers in Python as in “outfd.write(infd.read())
”.
On macOS fcopyfile is used to copy the file content (not metadata).
On Linux os.sendfile()
is used.
On Windows shutil.copyfile()
uses a bigger default buffer size (1 MiB instead of 64 KiB) and a memoryview()
-based variant of shutil.copyfileobj()
is used.
If the fast-copy operation fails and no data was written in the destination file then shutil will silently fallback on using less efficient copyfileobj()
function internally.
Changed in version 3.8.
copytree example
This example is the implementation of the copytree()
function, described above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions provided by this module.
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False):
names = os.listdir(src)
os.makedirs(dst)
errors = []
for name in names:
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
try:
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks)
else:
copy2(srcname, dstname)
# XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
except OSError as why:
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
# continue with other files
except Error as err:
errors.extend(err.args[0])
try:
copystat(src, dst)
except OSError as why:
# can't copy file access times on Windows
if why.winerror is None:
errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
if errors:
raise Error(errors)
Another example that uses the ignore_patterns()
helper:
from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns
copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
This will copy everything except .pyc
files and files or directories whose name starts with tmp
.
Another example that uses the ignore argument to add a logging call:
from shutil import copytree
import logging
def _logpath(path, names):
logging.info('Working in %s', path)
return [] # nothing will be ignored
copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)
rmtree example
This example shows how to remove a directory tree on Windows where some of the files have their read-only bit set. It uses the onerror callback to clear the readonly bit and reattempt the remove. Any subsequent failure will propagate.
import os, stat
import shutil
def remove_readonly(func, path, _):
"Clear the readonly bit and reattempt the removal"
os.chmod(path, stat.S_IWRITE)
func(path)
shutil.rmtree(directory, onerror=remove_readonly)
Archiving operations
New in version 3.2.
Changed in version 3.5: Added support for the xztar format.
High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the zipfile
and tarfile
modules.
shutil.
make_archive
( base_name, format [, root_dir [, base_dir [, verbose [, dry_run [, owner [, group [, logger ] ] ] ] ] ] ] )-
Create an archive file (such as zip or tar) and return its name.
base_name is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus any format-specific extension. format is the archive format: one of “zip” (if the
zlib
module is available), “tar”, “gztar” (if thezlib
module is available), “bztar” (if thebz2
module is available), or “xztar” (if thelzma
module is available).root_dir is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive, all paths in the archive will be relative to it; for example, we typically chdir into root_dir before creating the archive.
base_dir is the directory where we start archiving from; i.e. base_dir will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive. base_dir must be given relative to root_dir. See Archiving example with base_dir for how to use base_dir and root_dir together.
root_dir and base_dir both default to the current directory.
If dry_run is true, no archive is created, but the operations that would be executed are logged to logger.
owner and group are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.
logger must be an object compatible with PEP 282 , usually an instance of
logging.Logger
.The verbose argument is unused and deprecated.
Raises an auditing event
shutil.make_archive
with argumentsbase_name
,format
,root_dir
,base_dir
.Changed in version 3.8: The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created with
format="tar"
.
shutil.
get_archive_formats
( )-
Return a list of supported formats for archiving. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
(name, description)
.By default
shutil
provides these formats:zip: ZIP file (if the
zlib
module is available).tar: Uncompressed tar file. Uses POSIX.1-2001 pax format for new archives.
gztar: gzip’ed tar-file (if the
zlib
module is available).bztar: bzip2’ed tar-file (if the
bz2
module is available).xztar: xz’ed tar-file (if the
lzma
module is available).
You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing formats, by using
register_archive_format()
.
shutil.
register_archive_format
( name, function [, extra_args [, description ] ] )-
Register an archiver for the format name.
function is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The callable will receive the base_name of the file to create, followed by the base_dir (which defaults to
os.curdir
) to start archiving from. Further arguments are passed as keyword arguments: owner, group, dry_run and logger (as passed inmake_archive()
).If given, extra_args is a sequence of
(name, value)
pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.description is used by
get_archive_formats()
which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty string.
shutil.
unregister_archive_format
( name )-
Remove the archive format name from the list of supported formats.
shutil.
unpack_archive
( filename [, extract_dir [, format ] ] )-
Unpack an archive. filename is the full path of the archive.
extract_dir is the name of the target directory where the archive is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.
format is the archive format: one of “zip”, “tar”, “gztar”, “bztar”, or “xztar”. Or any other format registered with
register_unpack_format()
. If not provided,unpack_archive()
will use the archive file name extension and see if an unpacker was registered for that extension. In case none is found, aValueError
is raised.Raises an auditing event
shutil.unpack_archive
with argumentsfilename
,extract_dir
,format
.Changed in version 3.7: Accepts a path-like object for filename and extract_dir.
shutil.
register_unpack_format
( name, extensions, function [, extra_args [, description ] ] )-
Registers an unpack format. name is the name of the format and extensions is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like
.zip
for Zip files.function is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The callable will receive the path of the archive, followed by the directory the archive must be extracted to.
When provided, extra_args is a sequence of
(name, value)
tuples that will be passed as keywords arguments to the callable.description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned by the
get_unpack_formats()
function.
shutil.
unregister_unpack_format
( name )-
Unregister an unpack format. name is the name of the format.
shutil.
get_unpack_formats
( )-
Return a list of all registered formats for unpacking. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
(name, extensions, description)
.By default
shutil
provides these formats:zip: ZIP file (unpacking compressed files works only if the corresponding module is available).
tar: uncompressed tar file.
gztar: gzip’ed tar-file (if the
zlib
module is available).bztar: bzip2’ed tar-file (if the
bz2
module is available).xztar: xz’ed tar-file (if the
lzma
module is available).
You can register new formats or provide your own unpacker for any existing formats, by using
register_unpack_format()
.
Archiving example
In this example, we create a gzip’ed tar-file archive containing all files found in the .ssh
directory of the user:
>>> from shutil import make_archive
>>> import os
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
>>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
>>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
'/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'
The resulting archive contains:
$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
drwx------ tarek/staff 0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
-rwx------ tarek/staff 668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
-rw------- tarek/staff 1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts
Archiving example with base_dir
In this example, similar to the one above, we show how to use make_archive()
, but this time with the usage of base_dir. We now have the following directory structure:
$ tree tmp
tmp
└── root
└── structure
├── content
└── please_add.txt
└── do_not_add.txt
In the final archive, please_add.txt
should be included, but do_not_add.txt
should not. Therefore we use the following:
>>> from shutil import make_archive
>>> import os
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
>>> make_archive(
... archive_name,
... 'tar',
... root_dir='tmp/root',
... base_dir='structure/content',
... )
'/Users/tarek/my_archive.tar'
Listing the files in the resulting archive gives us:
$ python -m tarfile -l /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar
structure/content/
structure/content/please_add.txt
Querying the size of the output terminal
shutil.
get_terminal_size
( fallback=(columns, lines) )-
Get the size of the terminal window.
For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable,
COLUMNS
andLINES
respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used.When
COLUMNS
orLINES
is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected tosys.__stdout__
is queried by invokingos.get_terminal_size()
.If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because the system doesn’t support querying, or because we are not connected to a terminal, the value given in
fallback
parameter is used.fallback
defaults to(80, 24)
which is the default size used by many terminal emulators.The value returned is a named tuple of type
os.terminal_size
.See also: The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2, Other Environment Variables .
New in version 3.3.