tf.contrib.distributions.MultivariateNormalDiag

The multivariate normal distribution on R^k.

tf.contrib.distributions.MultivariateNormalDiag(
    loc=None, scale_diag=None, scale_identity_multiplier=None, validate_args=False,
    allow_nan_stats=True, name='MultivariateNormalDiag'
)

The Multivariate Normal distribution is defined over R^k and parameterized by a (batch of) length-k loc vector (aka "mu") and a (batch of) k x k scale matrix; covariance = scale @ scale.T where @ denotes matrix-multiplication.

Mathematical Details

The probability density function (pdf) is,

pdf(x; loc, scale) = exp(-0.5 ||y||**2) / Z,
y = inv(scale) @ (x - loc),
Z = (2 pi)**(0.5 k) |det(scale)|,

where:

• loc is a vector in R^k,
• scale is a linear operator in R^{k x k}, cov = scale @ scale.T,
• Z denotes the normalization constant, and,
• ||y||**2 denotes the squared Euclidean norm of y.

A (non-batch) scale matrix is:

scale = diag(scale_diag + scale_identity_multiplier * ones(k))

where:

• scale_diag.shape = [k], and,
• scale_identity_multiplier.shape = [].

Additional leading dimensions (if any) will index batches.

If both scale_diag and scale_identity_multiplier are None, then scale is the Identity matrix.

The MultivariateNormal distribution is a member of the location-scale family, i.e., it can be constructed as,

X ~ MultivariateNormal(loc=0, scale=1)   # Identity scale, zero shift.
Y = scale @ X + loc

Examples

import tensorflow_probability as tfp
tfd = tfp.distributions

# Initialize a single 2-variate Gaussian.
mvn = tfd.MultivariateNormalDiag(
    loc=[1., -1],
    scale_diag=[1, 2.])

mvn.mean().eval()
# ==> [1., -1]

mvn.stddev().eval()
# ==> [1., 2]

# Evaluate this on an observation in `R^2`, returning a scalar.
mvn.prob([-1., 0]).eval()  # shape: []

# Initialize a 3-batch, 2-variate scaled-identity Gaussian.
mvn = tfd.MultivariateNormalDiag(
    loc=[1., -1],
    scale_identity_multiplier=[1, 2., 3])

mvn.mean().eval()  # shape: [3, 2]
# ==> [[1., -1]
#      [1, -1],
#      [1, -1]]

mvn.stddev().eval()  # shape: [3, 2]
# ==> [[1., 1],
#      [2, 2],
#      [3, 3]]

# Evaluate this on an observation in `R^2`, returning a length-3 vector.
mvn.prob([-1., 0]).eval()  # shape: [3]

# Initialize a 2-batch of 3-variate Gaussians.
mvn = tfd.MultivariateNormalDiag(
    loc=[[1., 2, 3],
         [11, 22, 33]]           # shape: [2, 3]
    scale_diag=[[1., 2, 3],
                [0.5, 1, 1.5]])  # shape: [2, 3]

# Evaluate this on a two observations, each in `R^3`, returning a length-2
# vector.
x = [[-1., 0, 1],
     [-11, 0, 11.]]   # shape: [2, 3].
mvn.prob(x).eval()    # shape: [2]

Methods

batch_shape_tensor

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batch_shape_tensor(
    name='batch_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single event index as a 1-D Tensor.

The batch dimensions are indexes into independent, non-identical parameterizations of this distribution.

cdf

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cdf(
    value, name='cdf'
)

Cumulative distribution function.

Given random variable X, the cumulative distribution function cdf is:

cdf(x) := P[X <= x]

copy

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copy(
    **override_parameters_kwargs
)

Creates a deep copy of the distribution.

Note: the copy distribution may continue to depend on the original initialization arguments.

covariance

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covariance(
    name='covariance'
)

Covariance.

Covariance is (possibly) defined only for non-scalar-event distributions.

For example, for a length-k, vector-valued distribution, it is calculated as,

Cov[i, j] = Covariance(X_i, X_j) = E[(X_i - E[X_i]) (X_j - E[X_j])]

where Cov is a (batch of) k x k matrix, 0 <= (i, j) < k, and E denotes expectation.

Alternatively, for non-vector, multivariate distributions (e.g., matrix-valued, Wishart), Covariance shall return a (batch of) matrices under some vectorization of the events, i.e.,

Cov[i, j] = Covariance(Vec(X)_i, Vec(X)_j) = [as above]

where Cov is a (batch of) k' x k' matrices, 0 <= (i, j) < k' = reduce_prod(event_shape), and Vec is some function mapping indices of this distribution's event dimensions to indices of a length-k' vector.

cross_entropy

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cross_entropy(
    other, name='cross_entropy'
)

Computes the (Shannon) cross entropy.

Denote this distribution (self) by P and the other distribution by Q. Assuming P, Q are absolutely continuous with respect to one another and permit densities p(x) dr(x) and q(x) dr(x), (Shanon) cross entropy is defined as:

H[P, Q] = E_p[-log q(X)] = -int_F p(x) log q(x) dr(x)

where F denotes the support of the random variable X ~ P.

entropy

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entropy(
    name='entropy'
)

Shannon entropy in nats.

event_shape_tensor

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event_shape_tensor(
    name='event_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single batch as a 1-D int32 Tensor.

is_scalar_batch

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is_scalar_batch(
    name='is_scalar_batch'
)

Indicates that batch_shape == [].

is_scalar_event

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is_scalar_event(
    name='is_scalar_event'
)

Indicates that event_shape == [].

kl_divergence

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kl_divergence(
    other, name='kl_divergence'
)

Computes the Kullback--Leibler divergence.

Denote this distribution (self) by p and the other distribution by q. Assuming p, q are absolutely continuous with respect to reference measure r, the KL divergence is defined as:

KL[p, q] = E_p[log(p(X)/q(X))]
         = -int_F p(x) log q(x) dr(x) + int_F p(x) log p(x) dr(x)
         = H[p, q] - H[p]

where F denotes the support of the random variable X ~ p, H[., .] denotes (Shanon) cross entropy, and H[.] denotes (Shanon) entropy.

log_cdf

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log_cdf(
    value, name='log_cdf'
)

Log cumulative distribution function.

Given random variable X, the cumulative distribution function cdf is:

log_cdf(x) := Log[ P[X <= x] ]

Often, a numerical approximation can be used for log_cdf(x) that yields a more accurate answer than simply taking the logarithm of the cdf when x << -1.

log_prob

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log_prob(
    value, name='log_prob'
)

Log probability density/mass function.

Additional documentation from MultivariateNormalLinearOperator:

value is a batch vector with compatible shape if value is a Tensor whose shape can be broadcast up to either:

self.batch_shape + self.event_shape

or

[M1, ..., Mm] + self.batch_shape + self.event_shape

log_survival_function

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log_survival_function(
    value, name='log_survival_function'
)

Log survival function.

Given random variable X, the survival function is defined:

log_survival_function(x) = Log[ P[X > x] ]
                         = Log[ 1 - P[X <= x] ]
                         = Log[ 1 - cdf(x) ]

Typically, different numerical approximations can be used for the log survival function, which are more accurate than 1 - cdf(x) when x >> 1.

mean

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mean(
    name='mean'
)

Mean.

mode

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mode(
    name='mode'
)

Mode.

param_shapes

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@classmethod
param_shapes(
    sample_shape, name='DistributionParamShapes'
)

Shapes of parameters given the desired shape of a call to sample().

This is a class method that describes what key/value arguments are required to instantiate the given Distribution so that a particular shape is returned for that instance's call to sample().

Subclasses should override class method _param_shapes.

param_static_shapes

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@classmethod
param_static_shapes(
    sample_shape
)

param_shapes with static (i.e. TensorShape) shapes.

This is a class method that describes what key/value arguments are required to instantiate the given Distribution so that a particular shape is returned for that instance's call to sample(). Assumes that the sample's shape is known statically.

Subclasses should override class method _param_shapes to return constant-valued tensors when constant values are fed.

prob

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prob(
    value, name='prob'
)

Probability density/mass function.

Additional documentation from MultivariateNormalLinearOperator:

value is a batch vector with compatible shape if value is a Tensor whose shape can be broadcast up to either:

self.batch_shape + self.event_shape

or

[M1, ..., Mm] + self.batch_shape + self.event_shape

quantile

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quantile(
    value, name='quantile'
)

Quantile function. Aka "inverse cdf" or "percent point function".

Given random variable X and p in [0, 1], the quantile is:

quantile(p) := x such that P[X <= x] == p

sample

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sample(
    sample_shape=(), seed=None, name='sample'
)

Generate samples of the specified shape.

Note that a call to sample() without arguments will generate a single sample.

stddev

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stddev(
    name='stddev'
)

Standard deviation.

Standard deviation is defined as,

stddev = E[(X - E[X])**2]**0.5

where X is the random variable associated with this distribution, E denotes expectation, and stddev.shape = batch_shape + event_shape.

survival_function

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survival_function(
    value, name='survival_function'
)

Survival function.

Given random variable X, the survival function is defined:

survival_function(x) = P[X > x]
                     = 1 - P[X <= x]
                     = 1 - cdf(x).

variance

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variance(
    name='variance'
)

Variance.

Variance is defined as,

Var = E[(X - E[X])**2]

where X is the random variable associated with this distribution, E denotes expectation, and Var.shape = batch_shape + event_shape.