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any of the following: (i) a one-sided formula of the form ~x1+...+xn | g1/.../gm, with x1+...+xn specifying the model for the random effects and g1/.../gm the grouping structure (m may be equal to 1, in which case no / is required). The random effects formula will be repeated for all levels of grouping, in the case of multiple levels of grouping; (ii) a list of one-sided formulas of the form ~x1+...+xn | g, with possibly different random effects models for each grouping level. The order of nesting will be assumed the same as the order of the elements in the list; (iii) a one-sided formula of the form ~x1+...+xn, or a pdMat object with a formula (i.e. a non-NULL value for formula(object)), or a list of such formulas or pdMat objects. In this case, the grouping structure formula will be derived from the data used to to fit the mixed-effects model, which should inherit from class groupedData; (iv) a named list of formulas or pdMat objects as in (iii), with the grouping factors as names. The order of nesting will be assumed the same as the order of the order of the elements in the list; (v) an reStruct object.

an optional character string with the name of the pdMat class to be used for the formulas in object. Defaults to "pdSymm" which corresponds to a general positive-definite matrix.

an optional logical value. If TRUE, the associated mixed-effects model will be fitted using restricted maximum likelihood; else, if FALSE, maximum likelihood will be used. Defaults to FALSE.

an optional data frame in which to evaluate the variables used in the random effects formulas in object. It is used to obtain the levels for factors, which affect the dimensions and the row/column names of the underlying pdMat objects. If NULL, no attempt is made to obtain information on factors appearing in the formulas. Defaults to the parent frame from which the function was called.

an object inheriting from class reStruct to be printed.

an optional numeric value used as a multiplier for the square-root factors of the pdMat components (usually the estimated within-group standard deviation from a mixed-effects model). Defaults to 1.

an optional list with the random effects estimates for each level of grouping. Only used when verbose = TRUE.

an optional logical value determining if the random effects estimates should be printed. Defaults to FALSE.

Optional arguments can be given to other methods for this generic. None are used in this method.