Utilities

Various utility functions shipped with Werkzeug.

General Helpers

class werkzeug.utils.cached_property(fget, name=None, doc=None)

A property() that is only evaluated once. Subsequent access returns the cached value. Setting the property sets the cached value. Deleting the property clears the cached value, accessing it again will evaluate it again.

class Example:
    @cached_property
    def value(self):
        # calculate something important here
        return 42

e = Example()
e.value  # evaluates
e.value  # uses cache
e.value = 16  # sets cache
del e.value  # clears cache

If the class defines __slots__, it must add _cache_{name} as a slot. Alternatively, it can add __dict__, but that’s usually not desirable.

Changed in version 2.1: Works with __slots__.

Changelog

Changed in version 2.0: del obj.name clears the cached value.

Parameters

fget (Callable[[Any], werkzeug.utils._T]) –
name (Optional[str]) –
doc (Optional[str]) –

Return type

None

class werkzeug.utils.environ_property(name, default=None, load_func=None, dump_func=None, read_only=None, doc=None)

Maps request attributes to environment variables. This works not only for the Werkzeug request object, but also any other class with an environ attribute:

>>> class Test(object):
...     environ = {'key': 'value'}
...     test = environ_property('key')
>>> var = Test()
>>> var.test
'value'

If you pass it a second value it’s used as default if the key does not exist, the third one can be a converter that takes a value and converts it. If it raises ValueError or TypeError the default value is used. If no default value is provided None is used.

Per default the property is read only. You have to explicitly enable it by passing read_only=False to the constructor.

Parameters

name (str) –
default (Optional[werkzeug._internal._TAccessorValue]) –
load_func (Optional[Callable[[str], werkzeug._internal._TAccessorValue]]) –
dump_func (Optional[Callable[[werkzeug._internal._TAccessorValue], str]]) –
read_only (Optional[bool]) –
doc (Optional[str]) –

Return type

None

class werkzeug.utils.header_property(name, default=None, load_func=None, dump_func=None, read_only=None, doc=None)

Like environ_property but for headers.

Parameters

name (str) –
default (Optional[werkzeug._internal._TAccessorValue]) –
load_func (Optional[Callable[[str], werkzeug._internal._TAccessorValue]]) –
dump_func (Optional[Callable[[werkzeug._internal._TAccessorValue], str]]) –
read_only (Optional[bool]) –
doc (Optional[str]) –

Return type

None

werkzeug.utils.redirect(location, code=302, Response=None)

Returns a response object (a WSGI application) that, if called, redirects the client to the target location. Supported codes are 301, 302, 303, 305, 307, and 308. 300 is not supported because it’s not a real redirect and 304 because it’s the answer for a request with a request with defined If-Modified-Since headers.

Changelog

New in version 0.10: The class used for the Response object can now be passed in.

New in version 0.6: The location can now be a unicode string that is encoded using the iri_to_uri() function.

Parameters

location (str) – the location the response should redirect to.
code (int) – the redirect status code. defaults to 302.
Response (class) – a Response class to use when instantiating a response. The default is werkzeug.wrappers.Response if unspecified.

Return type

Response

werkzeug.utils.append_slash_redirect(environ, code=308)

Redirect to the current URL with a slash appended.

If the current URL is /user/42, the redirect URL will be 42/. When joined to the current URL during response processing or by the browser, this will produce /user/42/.

The behavior is undefined if the path ends with a slash already. If called unconditionally on a URL, it may produce a redirect loop.

Parameters

environ (WSGIEnvironment) – Use the path and query from this WSGI environment to produce the redirect URL.
code (int) – the status code for the redirect.

Return type

Response

Changed in version 2.1: Produce a relative URL that only modifies the last segment. Relevant when the current path has multiple segments.

Changed in version 2.1: The default status code is 308 instead of 301. This preserves the request method and body.

werkzeug.utils.send_file(path_or_file, environ, mimetype=None, as_attachment=False, download_name=None, conditional=True, etag=True, last_modified=None, max_age=None, use_x_sendfile=False, response_class=None, _root_path=None)

Send the contents of a file to the client.

The first argument can be a file path or a file-like object. Paths are preferred in most cases because Werkzeug can manage the file and get extra information from the path. Passing a file-like object requires that the file is opened in binary mode, and is mostly useful when building a file in memory with io.BytesIO.

Never pass file paths provided by a user. The path is assumed to be trusted, so a user could craft a path to access a file you didn’t intend.

If the WSGI server sets a file_wrapper in environ, it is used, otherwise Werkzeug’s built-in wrapper is used. Alternatively, if the HTTP server supports X-Sendfile, use_x_sendfile=True will tell the server to send the given path, which is much more efficient than reading it in Python.

Parameters

path_or_file (Union[os.PathLike, str, IO[bytes]]) – The path to the file to send, relative to the current working directory if a relative path is given. Alternatively, a file-like object opened in binary mode. Make sure the file pointer is seeked to the start of the data.
environ (WSGIEnvironment) – The WSGI environ for the current request.
mimetype (Optional[str]) – The MIME type to send for the file. If not provided, it will try to detect it from the file name.
as_attachment (bool) – Indicate to a browser that it should offer to save the file instead of displaying it.
download_name (Optional[str]) – The default name browsers will use when saving the file. Defaults to the passed file name.
conditional (bool) – Enable conditional and range responses based on request headers. Requires passing a file path and environ.
etag (Union[bool, str]) – Calculate an ETag for the file, which requires passing a file path. Can also be a string to use instead.
last_modified (Optional[Union[datetime.datetime, int, float]]) – The last modified time to send for the file, in seconds. If not provided, it will try to detect it from the file path.
max_age (Optional[Union[int, Callable[[Optional[str]], Optional[int]]]]) – How long the client should cache the file, in seconds. If set, Cache-Control will be public, otherwise it will be no-cache to prefer conditional caching.
use_x_sendfile (bool) – Set the X-Sendfile header to let the server to efficiently send the file. Requires support from the HTTP server. Requires passing a file path.
response_class (Optional[Type[Response]]) – Build the response using this class. Defaults to Response.
_root_path (Optional[Union[os.PathLike, str]]) – Do not use. For internal use only. Use send_from_directory() to safely send files under a path.

Return type

Response

Changelog

Changed in version 2.0.2: send_file only sets a detected Content-Encoding if as_attachment is disabled.

New in version 2.0: Adapted from Flask’s implementation.

Changed in version 2.0: download_name replaces Flask’s attachment_filename parameter. If as_attachment=False, it is passed with Content-Disposition: inline instead.

Changed in version 2.0: max_age replaces Flask’s cache_timeout parameter. conditional is enabled and max_age is not set by default.

Changed in version 2.0: etag replaces Flask’s add_etags parameter. It can be a string to use instead of generating one.

Changed in version 2.0: If an encoding is returned when guessing mimetype from download_name, set the Content-Encoding header.

werkzeug.utils.import_string(import_name, silent=False)

Imports an object based on a string. This is useful if you want to use import paths as endpoints or something similar. An import path can be specified either in dotted notation (xml.sax.saxutils.escape) or with a colon as object delimiter (xml.sax.saxutils:escape).

If silent is True the return value will be None if the import fails.

Parameters

import_name (str) – the dotted name for the object to import.
silent (bool) – if set to True import errors are ignored and None is returned instead.

Returns

imported object

Return type

Any

werkzeug.utils.find_modules(import_path, include_packages=False, recursive=False)

Finds all the modules below a package. This can be useful to automatically import all views / controllers so that their metaclasses / function decorators have a chance to register themselves on the application.

Packages are not returned unless include_packages is True. This can also recursively list modules but in that case it will import all the packages to get the correct load path of that module.

Parameters

import_path (str) – the dotted name for the package to find child modules.
include_packages (bool) – set to True if packages should be returned, too.
recursive (bool) – set to True if recursion should happen.

Returns

generator

Return type

Iterator[str]

werkzeug.utils.secure_filename(filename)

Pass it a filename and it will return a secure version of it. This filename can then safely be stored on a regular file system and passed to os.path.join(). The filename returned is an ASCII only string for maximum portability.

On windows systems the function also makes sure that the file is not named after one of the special device files.

>>> secure_filename("My cool movie.mov")
'My_cool_movie.mov'
>>> secure_filename("../../../etc/passwd")
'etc_passwd'
>>> secure_filename('i contain cool \xfcml\xe4uts.txt')
'i_contain_cool_umlauts.txt'

The function might return an empty filename. It’s your responsibility to ensure that the filename is unique and that you abort or generate a random filename if the function returned an empty one.

Changelog

New in version 0.5.

Parameters: filename (str) – the filename to secure
Return type: str

URL Helpers

Please refer to URL Helpers.

User Agent API

class werkzeug.user_agent.UserAgent(string)

Represents a parsed user agent header value.

The default implementation does no parsing, only the string attribute is set. A subclass may parse the string to set the common attributes or expose other information. Set werkzeug.wrappers.Request.user_agent_class to use a subclass.

Parameters: string (str) – The header value to parse.
Return type: None

Changelog

New in version 2.0: This replaces the previous useragents module, but does not provide a built-in parser.

platform: Optional[str] = None: The OS name, if it could be parsed from the string.

browser: Optional[str] = None: The browser name, if it could be parsed from the string.

version: Optional[str] = None: The browser version, if it could be parsed from the string.

language: Optional[str] = None: The browser language, if it could be parsed from the string.

string: str: The original header value.

to_header()

Convert to a header value.

Return type: str

Security Helpers

werkzeug.security.generate_password_hash(password, method='pbkdf2:sha256', salt_length=16)

Hash a password with the given method and salt with a string of the given length. The format of the string returned includes the method that was used so that check_password_hash() can check the hash.

The format for the hashed string looks like this:

method$salt$hash

This method can not generate unsalted passwords but it is possible to set param method=’plain’ in order to enforce plaintext passwords. If a salt is used, hmac is used internally to salt the password.

If PBKDF2 is wanted it can be enabled by setting the method to pbkdf2:method:iterations where iterations is optional:

pbkdf2:sha256:80000$salt$hash
pbkdf2:sha256$salt$hash

Parameters

password (str) – the password to hash.
method (str) – the hash method to use (one that hashlib supports). Can optionally be in the format pbkdf2:method:iterations to enable PBKDF2.
salt_length (int) – the length of the salt in letters.

Return type

str

werkzeug.security.check_password_hash(pwhash, password)

Check a password against a given salted and hashed password value. In order to support unsalted legacy passwords this method supports plain text passwords, md5 and sha1 hashes (both salted and unsalted).

Returns True if the password matched, False otherwise.

Parameters

pwhash (str) – a hashed string like returned by generate_password_hash().
password (str) – the plaintext password to compare against the hash.

Return type

bool

werkzeug.security.safe_join(directory, *pathnames)

Safely join zero or more untrusted path components to a base directory to avoid escaping the base directory.

Parameters

directory (str) – The trusted base directory.
pathnames (str) – The untrusted path components relative to the base directory.

Returns

A safe path, otherwise None.

Return type

Optional[str]

Logging

Werkzeug uses standard Python logging. The logger is named "werkzeug".

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger("werkzeug")

If the logger level is not set, it will be set to INFO on first use. If there is no handler for that level, a StreamHandler is added.

Docs

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Title here

Utilities

General Helpers

URL Helpers

User Agent API

Security Helpers

Logging