41.3. 实例化视图

PostgreSQL 中的实例化视图像视图一样使用规则系统,但是将结果以表格形式保存。之间的主要区别:

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mymatview AS SELECT * FROM mytab;

and:

CREATE TABLE mymatview AS SELECT * FROM mytab;

是不能随后直接更新实例化视图,并且用于存储创建实例化视图的查询的方式与存储视图查询的方式完全相同,因此可以使用以下方法为实例化视图生成新数据:

REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW mymatview;

PostgreSQL 系统目录中有关物化视图的信息与表或视图的信息完全相同。因此对于解析器而言,实例化视图是一个关系,就像表或视图一样。当在查询中引用实例化视图时,数据直接从实例化视图返回,例如从表中返回;该规则仅用于填充实例化视图。

尽管访问物化视图中存储的数据通常比直接访问基础表或通过视图访问基础表要快得多,但是数据并不总是最新的。但有时不需要当前数据。考虑一个记录销售的表:

CREATE TABLE invoice (
    invoice_no    integer        PRIMARY KEY,
    seller_no     integer,       -- ID of salesperson
    invoice_date  date,          -- date of sale
    invoice_amt   numeric(13,2)  -- amount of sale
);

如果人们希望能够快速绘制历史销售数据,他们可能希望进行汇总,并且可能不在乎当前日期的不完整数据:

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sales_summary AS
  SELECT
      seller_no,
      invoice_date,
      sum(invoice_amt)::numeric(13,2) as sales_amt
    FROM invoice
    WHERE invoice_date < CURRENT_DATE
    GROUP BY
      seller_no,
      invoice_date
    ORDER BY
      seller_no,
      invoice_date;

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX sales_summary_seller
  ON sales_summary (seller_no, invoice_date);

该物化视图对于在为销售人员创建的仪表板中显示图形可能有用。使用以下 SQL 语句,可以安排一个工作在每晚更新统计信息:

REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW sales_summary;

物化视图的另一个用途是允许通过外部数据包装程序更快地访问从远程系统带来的数据。下面是一个使用file_fdw的简单示例,其中包含时间,但是由于这是在本地系统上使用高速缓存,因此与访问远程系统相比,性能差异通常会大于此处所示。请注意,我们还利用了在物化视图上放置索引的功能,而file_fdw不支持索引。此优势可能不适用于其他类型的外部数据访问。

Setup:

CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;
CREATE SERVER local_file FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE words (word text NOT NULL)
  SERVER local_file
  OPTIONS (filename '/usr/share/dict/words');
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW wrd AS SELECT * FROM words;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX wrd_word ON wrd (word);
CREATE EXTENSION pg_trgm;
CREATE INDEX wrd_trgm ON wrd USING gist (word gist_trgm_ops);
VACUUM ANALYZE wrd;

现在让我们拼写检查一个单词。直接使用file_fdw

SELECT count(*) FROM words WHERE word = 'caterpiler';

 count 
-------
     0
(1 row)

通过EXPLAIN ANALYZE,我们看到:

Aggregate  (cost=21763.99..21764.00 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=188.180..188.181 rows=1 loops=1)
   ->  Foreign Scan on words  (cost=0.00..21761.41 rows=1032 width=0) (actual time=188.177..188.177 rows=0 loops=1)
         Filter: (word = 'caterpiler'::text)
         Rows Removed by Filter: 479829
         Foreign File: /usr/share/dict/words
         Foreign File Size: 4953699
 Planning time: 0.118 ms
 Execution time: 188.273 ms

如果改为使用实例化视图,则查询会更快:

Aggregate  (cost=4.44..4.45 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=0.042..0.042 rows=1 loops=1)
   ->  Index Only Scan using wrd_word on wrd  (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=0.039..0.039 rows=0 loops=1)
         Index Cond: (word = 'caterpiler'::text)
         Heap Fetches: 0
 Planning time: 0.164 ms
 Execution time: 0.117 ms

无论哪种方式,该单词的拼写都是错误的,所以让我们来看看我们可能想要的东西。再次使用file_fdw

SELECT word FROM words ORDER BY word <-> 'caterpiler' LIMIT 10;

     word     
---------------
 cater
 caterpillar
 Caterpillar
 caterpillars
 caterpillar's
 Caterpillar's
 caterer
 caterer's
 caters
 catered
(10 rows)
Limit  (cost=11583.61..11583.64 rows=10 width=32) (actual time=1431.591..1431.594 rows=10 loops=1)
   ->  Sort  (cost=11583.61..11804.76 rows=88459 width=32) (actual time=1431.589..1431.591 rows=10 loops=1)
         Sort Key: ((word <-> 'caterpiler'::text))
         Sort Method: top-N heapsort  Memory: 25kB
         ->  Foreign Scan on words  (cost=0.00..9672.05 rows=88459 width=32) (actual time=0.057..1286.455 rows=479829 loops=1)
               Foreign File: /usr/share/dict/words
               Foreign File Size: 4953699
 Planning time: 0.128 ms
 Execution time: 1431.679 ms

使用实例化视图:

Limit  (cost=0.29..1.06 rows=10 width=10) (actual time=187.222..188.257 rows=10 loops=1)
   ->  Index Scan using wrd_trgm on wrd  (cost=0.29..37020.87 rows=479829 width=10) (actual time=187.219..188.252 rows=10 loops=1)
         Order By: (word <-> 'caterpiler'::text)
 Planning time: 0.196 ms
 Execution time: 198.640 ms

如果您可以容忍定期将远程数据更新到本地数据库,则性能收益将是可观的。