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9.24. 设置返回功能
本节介绍可能返回多个行的函数。此类中使用最广泛的函数是系列生成函数,如Table 9.58和Table 9.59中所述。其他更专门的设定返回功能在本手册的其他地方介绍。有关组合多个置位返回功能的方法,请参见Section 7.2.1.4。
表 9.58. 系列生成功能
Function | Argument Type | Return Type | Description |
---|---|---|---|
generate_series(start, stop) |
int ,bigint 或numeric |
setof int ,setof bigint 或setof numeric (与参数类型相同) |
生成一系列值,从* start 到 stop *,步长为一个 |
generate_series(start, stop, step) |
int ,bigint 或numeric |
setof int ,setof bigint 或setof numeric (与参数类型相同) |
生成一系列值,从* start 到 stop ,步长为 step * |
generate_series(start, stop, step interval) |
timestamp 或timestamp with time zone |
setof timestamp 或setof timestamp with time zone (与参数类型相同) |
生成一系列值,从* start 到 stop ,步长为 step * |
当* step
为正数时,如果 start
大于 stop
则返回零行。相反,当 step
为负数时,如果 start
小于 stop
*则返回零行。 NULL
Importing 也返回零行。 * step
*为零是错误的。以下是一些示例:
SELECT * FROM generate_series(2,4);
generate_series
-----------------
2
3
4
(3 rows)
SELECT * FROM generate_series(5,1,-2);
generate_series
-----------------
5
3
1
(3 rows)
SELECT * FROM generate_series(4,3);
generate_series
-----------------
(0 rows)
SELECT generate_series(1.1, 4, 1.3);
generate_series
-----------------
1.1
2.4
3.7
(3 rows)
-- this example relies on the date-plus-integer operator
SELECT current_date + s.a AS dates FROM generate_series(0,14,7) AS s(a);
dates
------------
2004-02-05
2004-02-12
2004-02-19
(3 rows)
SELECT * FROM generate_series('2008-03-01 00:00'::timestamp,
'2008-03-04 12:00', '10 hours');
generate_series
---------------------
2008-03-01 00:00:00
2008-03-01 10:00:00
2008-03-01 20:00:00
2008-03-02 06:00:00
2008-03-02 16:00:00
2008-03-03 02:00:00
2008-03-03 12:00:00
2008-03-03 22:00:00
2008-03-04 08:00:00
(9 rows)
表 9.59. 下标生成函数
Function | Return Type | Description |
---|---|---|
generate_subscripts(array anyarray, dim int) |
setof int |
生成一个包含给定数组下标的系列。 |
generate_subscripts(array anyarray, dim int, reverse boolean) |
setof int |
生成一个包含给定数组下标的系列。当* reverse *为 true 时,以相反的 Sequences 返回系列。 |
generate_subscripts
是一种便利功能,可为给定数组的指定维生成一组有效的下标。对于没有请求的维数的数组或 NULL 数组,返回零行(但是对于 NULL 数组元素,返回有效的下标)。以下是一些示例:
-- basic usage
SELECT generate_subscripts('{NULL,1,NULL,2}'::int[], 1) AS s;
s
---
1
2
3
4
(4 rows)
-- presenting an array, the subscript and the subscripted
-- value requires a subquery
SELECT * FROM arrays;
a
--------------------
{-1,-2}
{100,200,300}
(2 rows)
SELECT a AS array, s AS subscript, a[s] AS value
FROM (SELECT generate_subscripts(a, 1) AS s, a FROM arrays) foo;
array | subscript | value
---------------+-----------+-------
{-1,-2} | 1 | -1
{-1,-2} | 2 | -2
{100,200,300} | 1 | 100
{100,200,300} | 2 | 200
{100,200,300} | 3 | 300
(5 rows)
-- unnest a 2D array
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unnest2(anyarray)
RETURNS SETOF anyelement AS $$
select $1[i][j]
from generate_subscripts($1,1) g1(i),
generate_subscripts($1,2) g2(j);
$$ LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE;
CREATE FUNCTION
SELECT * FROM unnest2(ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]]);
unnest2
---------
1
2
3
4
(4 rows)
当FROM
子句中的函数带有WITH ORDINALITY
后缀时,会将bigint
列追加到输出,该列从 1 开始,对于函数输出的每一行以 1 递增。在设置返回函数(例如unnest()
)的情况下,这是最有用的。
-- set returning function WITH ORDINALITY
SELECT * FROM pg_ls_dir('.') WITH ORDINALITY AS t(ls,n);
ls | n
-----------------+----
pg_serial | 1
pg_twophase | 2
postmaster.opts | 3
pg_notify | 4
postgresql.conf | 5
pg_tblspc | 6
logfile | 7
base | 8
postmaster.pid | 9
pg_ident.conf | 10
global | 11
pg_xact | 12
pg_snapshots | 13
pg_multixact | 14
PG_VERSION | 15
pg_wal | 16
pg_hba.conf | 17
pg_stat_tmp | 18
pg_subtrans | 19
(19 rows)